1. The principal long-term researchers in Hovland's Experimen-
tal Section of the War Department's Research Branch were Frances
Anderson, John Finan, Irving Janis, Arthur Lumsdain, Nathan Maccoby,
Fred Sheffield, and M. Brewster Smith. A number of others worked
in that section for briefer periods, including John Butler, David
Grant, Donald Horton, Eugene Jacobson, Ansel Marblestone, Alice
Schmid, and Adeline Turetsky. Still others (from the parallel Sur-
vey Section of the Research Branch) collaborated in projects of
Hovland's Experimental Section－particularly Robert Ford, Edward
Suchman, and Paul Wallin.
2. Researchers in Hovland's Yale attitude change project in-
cluded Robert Abelson, Norman Anderson, Elaine Graham Bell,
Jack Brehm, Timothy Brock, Enid Hobart Campbell, Arthur Cohen,
Rosalind Lorwin Feierabend, Peter Field, Jonathan Freedman, Irv-
ing Janis, Harold Kelley, Herbert Kelman, Bert King, Doris Kraeling
(now Rutz), Gerald Lesser, Howard Leventhal, Harriet Linton, Abraham
Luchins, Arthur Lumsdaine, Wallace Mandell, William McGuire,
Norman Miller, Jacob Rabbie, Donald Rife, Milton Rosenberg, Irv-
ing Sarnoff, David Sears, Fred Sheffield, Muzafer Sherif, Walter
Weiss, and Philip Zimbardo.
3. Early long-term members of what became the Behavioral Re-
search Center of the AT&T Bell Laboratories included the social
psychologists Morton Deutsch, Harold Gerard, Robert Krauss, and
Seymour Rosenberg, and the experimental psychologists Herbert
Jenkins, Ernst Rothkopf, and Roger Shepard－later joined by a
number of other now eminent quantitative and experimental psy-
chologists. Long-term members of this center who have been elected
to the National Academy of Sciences include Bela Julesz, Roger
Shepard, George Sperling, Saul Sternberg, and the center's direc-
tor Max Mathews. In addition, Edward E. David, John R. Pierce,
and William O. Baker (also members of the Academy) played sig-
nificant roles at high levels of the Labs in shaping and supporting
its Behavioral Research Center. (For more about the history of this
center, see the report prepared by Carroll, Julesz, Mathews, Rothkopf,
Sternberg, and Wish, 1984).
4. Hovland's students and associates who worked on these cog-
nitive processes included Daniel Berlyne, Albert Bregman, Hugh
Cahill, Earl Hunt, Herbert Jenkins, Kenneth Kurtz, Lloyd Morrisette,
Dean Pruitt, Roger Shepard, and Walter Weiss.
5. Students whose Yale doctoral dissertations on conditioning or
verbal learning were supervised by Hovland were James Calvin (1939),
Chester Hill (1941), David McClelland (1941), William Jenkins (1942),
William Orbison (1945) Fred Sheffield (1946), and Virginia Voeks
(1947). On social psychology or personality: Ethelyn Klatskin－n?e
Elmer Potter (1948), Homer Wood (1948), and Russell Clark (1951).
On attitude or opinion change: Herbert Kelman (1951) and Walter
Weiss (1952). On human learning or generalization: Kenneth Kurtz
(1953), William McGuire (1954), John Antoinetti (1955), Roger
Shepard (1955), Lloyd Morrisett (1956), and Hugh Cahill (1957).
On prediction of performance times: Jerome Kornreich (1948). On
human curiosity: Daniel Berlyne (1953). On decision making: Dean
Pruitt (1957). On prediction of ratings of adjective meanings: Jonathan
Freedman (1962). The dissertations of Orbison and Freedman were
each jointly supervised by Hovland and another faculty member;
and, following Hovland's death, other Hovland students completed
their dissertations with still other members of the Yale faculty.
REFERENCES
Anonymous. 1958. Carl Iver Hovland. Am. Psychol. 13:158-67.
Carroll, J. D., B. Julesz, M. V. Mathews, E. Z. Rothkopf, S. Sternberg,
and M. Wish. 1984. Behavioral science. In A History of Engineer-
ing and Science in the Bell System, ed. S. Millman, pp. 431-71.
Indianapolis: AT&T Bell Laboratories.
Cohen, A. R. 1964. Attitude Change and Social Influence. New York:
Basic Books.
Janis, I. L. 1968. Carl I. Hovland, 1912-1961. In International Ency-
clopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 6, ed. D. L. Sills, pp. 526-31.
New York: Macmillan.
Janis, I. L. 1973. Hovland. In The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World
Biography, vol. 5, pp. 372-73. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Jenni, M. H. 1974. An inventory and evaluation of source materi-
als on Carl Iver Hovland. Unpublished manuscript.
Lovie, A. D. and P. Lovie. (To appear.) Carl I. Hovland. In Encyclo-
pedia of Psychology. For the American Psychological Association,
Washington, D.C.
Maccoby, N. 1963. The new "scientific" rhetoric. In The Science of
Human Communication, ed. W. Schramm, pp. 41-53. New York:
Basic Books.
McGuire, W. J. 1996. The Yale communication and attitude-change
program in the 1950s. In American Communication Research: The
Remembered History, ed. E. E. Dennis and E. Wartella, pp. 39-59.
Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Miles, W. R. 1961. Carl Iver Hovland. The American Philosophical
Society Yearbook, pp. 121- 25.
Moscovici, S. Attitudes and opinions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 14(1963):231-
60.
Schramm, W. 1963. Communication research in the United States.C A R L I V E R H O V L A N D 29
In The Science of Human Communication, ed. W. Schramm, pp. 1-
16. New York: Basic Books.
Sears, R. R. Carl I. Hovland, 1912-1961. Am. J. Psychol. 74(1961):637-
39.
Shepard, R. N. Stimulus and response generalization: Deduction
of the generalization gradient from a trace model. Psychol. Rev.
65(1958):242-56.
Shepard, R. N. Toward a universal law of generalization for psy-
chological science. Science 237(1987):1317-23.
Shepard, R. N. and J.-J. Chang. Stimulus generalization in the learning
of classifications. J. Exp. Psychol. 65(1963):94-102.
Smith, M. B. 1968. Attitude change. In International Encyclopedia of
the Social Sciences, vol. 1, ed. D. L. Sills, pp. 458-67. New York:
Macmillan.
1937
The generalization of conditioned responses. I. The sensory gener-
alization of conditioned responses with varying frequencies of
tone. J. Gen. Psychol. 17:125-48.
1938
Experimental studies in rote-learning theory. I. Reminiscence fol-
lowing learning by massed and by distributed practice. J. Exp.
Psychol. 22:201-24.
1939
Experimental studies in rote-learning theory. V. Comparison of
distribution of practice in serial and paired-associate learning. J.
Exp. Psychol. 25:622-33.
1940
With C. L. Hull, R. T. Ross, M. Hall, D. T. Perkins, and F. B. Fitch.
Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning: A Study in Scien-
tific Methodology. New Haven: Yale University Press.
With R. R. Sears. Minor studies of aggression. VI. Correlation of
lynchings with economic indices. J. Psychol. 9:301-10.
1948
Psychology of the communicative process. In Communications in
Modern Society, ed. W. Schramm, pp. 59-65. Urbana: University
of Illinois Press.Social communication. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 92:371-75.
1949
With A. A. Lumsdaine and F. D. Sheffield. Experiments on Mass
Communication. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1951
Human learning and retention. In Handbook of Experimental Psy-
chology, ed. S. S. Stevens, pp. 613-89. New York: Wiley.
1952
A "communication analysis" of concept learning. Psychol. Rev. 59:347-
50.
1953
With I. L. Janis and H. H. Kelley. Communication and Persuasion:
Psychological Studies of Opinion Change. New Haven: Yale Univer-
sity Press.
With W. Weiss. Transmission of information concerning concepts
through positive and negative instances. J. Exp. Psychol. 45:175-
82.
With H. C. Kelman. "Reinstatement" on the communicator in de-
layed measurement of opinion change. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol.
48:327-35.
1954
Effects of the mass media of communication. In Handbook of Social
Psychology, vol. 2, ed. G. Lindzey, pp. 1062-1103. Cambridge,
Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
1956
With K. H. Kurtz. Concept learning with differing sequences of
instances. J. Exp. Psychol. 51:239-43.
1957
With others. The Order of Presentation in Persuasion. New Haven:
Yale University Press.
1959
Reconciling conflicting results derived from experimental and sur-
vey studies of attitude change. Am. Psychol. 14:8-17.
With others. Personality and Persuasibility. New Haven: Yale Univer-
sity Press.
With L. N. Morrisett. A comparison of three varieties of training
in human problem solving. J. Exp. Psychol. 58:52-55.
1960
Computer simulation of thinking. Am. Psychol. 15:687-93.
With E. B. Hunt. Computer simulation of concept attainment. Behav.
Sci. 5:265-67.
With E. G. Hunt. Order of consideration of different types of
concepts. J. Exp. Psychol. 59:220- 25.
With M. J. Rosenberg, W. J. McGuire, R. P. Abelson, and J. W.
Brehm. Attitude Organization and Change: An Analysis of Consis-
tency Among Attitude Components. New Haven: Yale University
Press.
1961
With R. N. Shepard and H. M. Jenkins. Learning and memorization
of classifications. Psychol. Monogr. No. 75, (13, Whole No. 517).
With M. Sherif. Social Judgment: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in
Communication and Attitude Change. New Haven: Yale University
Press.
