www.psychspace.com心理学空间网
1. This tendency to view ongoing change in terms of the static contents it reveals can be seen also in the very many research projects which have employed psychotherapy and hospital situations to study diagnostic and classificatory aspects of people as compared with the very few researches which have employed these treatment settings to study change. Our psychometric instruments do not as yet have standardized or even defined indices of personality change, having been used so rarely before and after psychotherapy. This is another example of the way we tend to think most about the change-resistant contents of personality, even in treatment situations.
1. 我们在许多对人们进行诊断和分类的研究项目中看到使用静态的内容去看待进行中的改变的倾向。而使用治疗情境去研究改变的研究相比之下却很少。心理测量工具很少用于治疗前后,这些工具甚至没有对于人格改变的标准指标。这是另外一个例子,说明即便是在治疗情境中我们倾向于更多地考虑人格中抗拒改变的内容。
2. "Paradigm," or model, refers to the theoretical models used in these theories, regard less of whether they use the words "repression" and "content" or not.
2.“范式”或模型,指这些在这些理论中使用的理论模型,并不关注他们是否使用“潜抑”或是“内容”这些词汇。
3. The repression paradigm in its most oversimplified form can be noticed in use when person A insists that person B has some content he cannot be aware of, because it is "unconscious." B's own experiences and feelings are, by definition, undercut and "thrown out of court." No way to the supposed content exists which B can use.
3. 当A坚持认为B有些内容B无法意识到,因为这是“潜意识”的。B自己的体验和感受被切掉,被“法院驳回”,这种情况便是最简化的“潜抑范式”的使用。而根本不存在B可以使用的内容。
4. S. Freud, 1914 (p. 375), 1920 (pp. 16-19), 1930 (p. 105). H. S. Sullivan, 1940 (pp. 20-21, 205-207), 1953 (pp. 42, 160-163). C. R. Rogers, 1957, 1958, 1959a and b, 1960, 1961a and b, 1962.
5. Throughout, the new concepts and words defined here are intended to lead to new and more effective operational variables. Where research is cited, the theory has already led to some operational variables. One must distinguish theoretical concepts from operational variables. For example, above, "feeling process" is a theoretical 32,concept. The operational variables (and there will be many specific ones) which a theoretical concept aids us to isolate and define are indices of behavior and exactly repeatable procedures whereby these can be reliably measured.
5. 在这篇文章中,我们定义的新的概念和词汇是希望用来找到更多的新的可以有效操作的变量。在引用的研究中,理论已经导向一些可操作的变量。我们必须区分理论性的、概念和操作性变量。比如说,上述的“感受过程”是一个理论性的概念。理论性的概念可以在分离并定义操作变量上起到帮助。操作变量(会有许多特定的操作变量)是一些行为的指标,以及可以重复的步骤,我们可以可靠地来测量。
1. This tendency to view ongoing change in terms of the static contents it reveals can be seen also in the very many research projects which have employed psychotherapy and hospital situations to study diagnostic and classificatory aspects of people as compared with the very few researches which have employed these treatment settings to study change. Our psychometric instruments do not as yet have standardized or even defined indices of personality change, having been used so rarely before and after psychotherapy. This is another example of the way we tend to think most about the change-resistant contents of personality, even in treatment situations.
1. 我们在许多对人们进行诊断和分类的研究项目中看到使用静态的内容去看待进行中的改变的倾向。而使用治疗情境去研究改变的研究相比之下却很少。心理测量工具很少用于治疗前后,这些工具甚至没有对于人格改变的标准指标。这是另外一个例子,说明即便是在治疗情境中我们倾向于更多地考虑人格中抗拒改变的内容。
2. "Paradigm," or model, refers to the theoretical models used in these theories, regard less of whether they use the words "repression" and "content" or not.
2.“范式”或模型,指这些在这些理论中使用的理论模型,并不关注他们是否使用“潜抑”或是“内容”这些词汇。
3. The repression paradigm in its most oversimplified form can be noticed in use when person A insists that person B has some content he cannot be aware of, because it is "unconscious." B's own experiences and feelings are, by definition, undercut and "thrown out of court." No way to the supposed content exists which B can use.
3. 当A坚持认为B有些内容B无法意识到,因为这是“潜意识”的。B自己的体验和感受被切掉,被“法院驳回”,这种情况便是最简化的“潜抑范式”的使用。而根本不存在B可以使用的内容。
4. S. Freud, 1914 (p. 375), 1920 (pp. 16-19), 1930 (p. 105). H. S. Sullivan, 1940 (pp. 20-21, 205-207), 1953 (pp. 42, 160-163). C. R. Rogers, 1957, 1958, 1959a and b, 1960, 1961a and b, 1962.
5. Throughout, the new concepts and words defined here are intended to lead to new and more effective operational variables. Where research is cited, the theory has already led to some operational variables. One must distinguish theoretical concepts from operational variables. For example, above, "feeling process" is a theoretical 32,concept. The operational variables (and there will be many specific ones) which a theoretical concept aids us to isolate and define are indices of behavior and exactly repeatable procedures whereby these can be reliably measured.
5. 在这篇文章中,我们定义的新的概念和词汇是希望用来找到更多的新的可以有效操作的变量。在引用的研究中,理论已经导向一些可操作的变量。我们必须区分理论性的、概念和操作性变量。比如说,上述的“感受过程”是一个理论性的概念。理论性的概念可以在分离并定义操作变量上起到帮助。操作变量(会有许多特定的操作变量)是一些行为的指标,以及可以重复的步骤,我们可以可靠地来测量。