IPA精神分析辞典:投射性认同
Gary Schlesinger、Florence Guignard、Ricardo Spector、Arne Jemstedt 文
Mints 译
I. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS
1、导言和定义
Projective identification, a concept introduced by Melanie Klein in 1946, is both a primitive defense mechanism as well as a fundamental mode of unconscious communication with oneself and with the world. It allows the self to disavow unwanted experience while affording a modicum of control over the object of the projection.
1946年提出的概念,它既是一种原始的防御机制,也是一种与自己和世界进行无意识交流的基本模式。它允许自我在(通过投射性认同)承受着对客体进行温和控制的时候,否认(disavow)自己不想要的体验。
投射性认同(Projective identification)是梅兰妮·克莱因(Melanie Klein)于Projective identification is a twofold unconscious movement that ignores the boundaries between the Self and the other and deals mainly with part-objects and parts of the Self. By projecting them into another person, first real, then also fantasized, the subject – first, the infant – evacuates – first, into the mother – painful body experiences, death anguish and other emotions and feelings that overwhelm his/her capacities to contain them within him/herself.
婴儿排出(evacuation)的部分——投射进入母亲——痛苦的身体体验、对死亡的极度痛苦和其他情绪(emotions)和感受(feelings),这些情绪和感觉压倒了他/她在体内涵容它们的能力。
投射性认同是一种双重无意识运动,它忽略了自我和他人之间的边界,主要用于处理部分客体(part-objects)和自我的一些部分。通过将它们投射到另一个人身上,首先是真实的,然后是幻觉,首先是主体,即,However, such a denial does not prevent the subject from keeping unconscious links with these expelled objects and parts of the Self; s/he also identifies him/herself with characteristics of the person into which s/he projected these elements.
然而,这种否认并不能阻止主体与这些被驱逐的部分客体和部分自我保持无意识的联系;他/她也认同这位带着他/她投射之特征的人。
Melanie Klein added projective identification to the first set of defenses – splitting, denial and idealization – that she had sorted out and specially dealt with in her 1946 paper, because she observed that it appeared simultaneously with these in the infant.
Melanie Klein将投射性认同添加到了第一套防御机制(分裂、否认和理想化)中,这在她1946年的论文中进行了整理和特别报道,因为她观察到投射性认同与婴儿的这些防御同时出现。
Projective identification is made of two main psychoanalytic concepts – projection and identification. However, apart from the fact that both are unconscious psychic movements, these two concepts do not have the same level of complexity:
精神分析概念组成——投射(projection)和认同(identification)。然而,除了两者都是无意识的精神运动之外,这两个概念的有着不同的复杂性:
投射性认同由两个重要的-Projection-and-introjection are the basic mechanisms required for a psychic life to exist, in the same way as inspiration-and-expiration are the necessary mechanisms of breathing in biological life.
——投射和内摄(introjection)是精神生活存在所需的基本机制,就像吸气和呼气是物生物生活呼吸的必要机制一样。
-Identification is a much more complex process, made of a mosaic of relational micromovements, and never achieved.
——认同这是一个更复杂的过程,由关系的微观运动拼凑而成,而且从未实现。
Melanie Klein认为投射性认同从出生到死亡都发挥着作用,在发展过程中逐渐形成了更加清晰和有意识的关系和沟通方式。
Projective identification is a hybrid and dynamic concept that applies to intrapsychic life as well as to interpersonal dynamics and economy (Guignard, 2017-2020). It enhances the importance of a first object fit for the newborn to have good enough relations: the helplessness and pre-maturity of the human baby make it necessary for him/her to get from the outside (from the mother) a fundamental means of communication, in order to have a grip on a ruthless reality. The newborn needs to meet the caring and thinking capacities in the mother in order to welcome and try to soothe those projected parts of him/her.
投射性认同是一个混合的(hybrid)动态概念,适用于内在精神生活以及人际动力学和经济动力学(Guignard,2017-2020)。它强调了第一个适合(fit for)新生儿的客体(和婴儿之间有着足够好的关系)的重要性:人类婴儿的无助和早熟使得他/她有必要从外部(从母亲那里)获得一种基本的沟通方法,以便掌控无情的现实。新生儿需要遇见(meet)母亲的关怀和思考能力,以便欢迎并试图抚慰他/她的那些投射。
Projective identification cannot be understood separately from “introjective identification”, a concept rarely made explicit in clinical descriptions. Together, they constitute the feeling of identity of a person, a feeling always in motion and never achieved.
投射性认同不能与“内摄性认同”分开理解,后者是一个在临床描述中很少详细描述的概念。它们共同构成了一个人的认同(identity)感,一种始终处于运动状态且从未实现的感觉。
II. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT
2、投射性认同概念的历史演变
Projective identification developed as a combination of Freud’s (1915 – “Instincts and their vicissitudes”) concept of projection – which he viewed as a means for the ego to rid itself of painful, threatening mental contents – and of his concept of identification. In his papers on metapsychology (eg 1917, 1923) Freud wrote that identification is the first form of object relation to appear at birth. It could be said that his 1914 essay on narcissism resulted in such an insight about a common psychic movement that installs simultaneously object relation and identification.
投射性认同形成于弗洛伊德《本能及其变迁》(1915C)中的投射概念(他认为投射是自我摆脱痛苦的、威胁性的心理内容的一种手段)和他的认同概念的结合。弗洛伊德在他的元心理学的论文(例如1917、1923)中写道,认同是出生时出现的第一种客体关系形式。可以说,他在1914年发表的《论自恋》中产生了这种洞见——同时装载了客体关系(object relation)和认同(identification)的常规精神运动。
In 1938, shortly before his death, Freud clarified the primitive defense mechanisms of splitting, denial and idealization. In particular, he stressed the difference between the violence of the primal defenses compared to the secondary ones – linked to the secondary repression. By studying these defenses in relation to perversions, he focused on their pathology, not on their structure.
1938年,在他去世前不久,弗洛伊德阐明了分裂、否认和理想化的原始防御机制。他特别强调了猛烈的原始防御与次级防御之间的区别,后者与次级压抑有关。通过研究这些与异常(心理)有关的防御机制,他把重点放在了它们的病理学上,而不是它们的结构上。
Melanie Klein’s concept of projective identification might be considered as having its roots in Freud’s considerations mentioned above. However, one should add to it Klein’s discoveries of the role of splitting in the world of objects – not only of the Ego, as Freud described it – that gave rise to the rich and complex universe of part-objects relations and identifications.
人们认为,梅兰妮·克莱因的投射性认同概念可能源于上文所述的弗洛伊德之考量。然而,我们应该再加上克莱因发现的分裂(splitting)在客体世界中的作用——不仅仅是如同弗洛伊德所描述的自我——这种分裂产生了丰富而复杂的部分客体关系和认同的宇宙。
Projective identification addresses psychic objects projected – transferred – onto various people, the first of which is obviously the mother in the beginning of life, or her substitute, first as a part-object – “the breast” – then, as a total object – the person of the mother.
投射性认同指的是投射到——转移(transferred)到——不同的人身上的精神客体,这些客体,第一个显然是生命开时的母亲,或她的替代者,首先是作为部分客体——“乳房”——然后是作为整体客体(total object)——母亲这个人。
In 1946, Melanie Klein viewed projective identification as an intrapsychic means by which the infant relieves itself of unwanted affects, objects and parts of the self and a mechanism by which it takes control of the mother in [unconscious] phantasy. She also made clear that these projected aspects could be either good or bad. She introduced the notion that projective identification, fueled by unconscious envy, serves to destroy – once again in phantasy – the object of envy. As Klein viewed the infant’s project as keeping the bad out and the good in, she noted that projective and introjective identification go hand in hand.
情感,客体和部分自我,以及通过这种机制[在无意识中]控制母亲的幻觉。她还明确表示,这些被投射的诸多部分可能是好的,也可能是坏的。她引入了一个概念,即投射性认同在无意识嫉妒(envy)的推动下,再次在幻觉中摧毁了嫉妒的客体。克莱因认为婴儿的投射是把坏的东西挡在外面,把好的东西放在里面,她指出投射性认同和内摄性认同是相辅相成的。
1946年,梅兰妮·克莱因将投射性认同视为一种内在精神方式,婴儿通过这种方式缓解(relieves)不想要的一些She observed that a pathological use of projective identification keeps the subject in an illusory phantasy of being able to avoid the long and painful process of mourning described by Freud (1915) and thus – in the Kleinian framework – impede the move from the paranoid-schizoid position to the depressive position. Klein thought of projective identification as an unconscious phantasy – both the ‘projection’ and the ‘identification’ parts are unconscious. The object or part-object who is the recipient of the projection does not have to be present and does not have to know about the projection at all. Klein stressed the fact that this mode of functioning – splitting / denial / idealization / projective identification – erases the boundary between external reality and psychic reality and allows the subject to gain power – in phantasy – over the whole or part of an external person or of an internal object. The unconscious phantasy of projective identification is a powerful process. It will always have real effects on the mind of the person projecting (who will have lost part of himself and may for example feel very certain and righteous or may feel very empty after a massive projection). And it can under certain circumstances have real effects on the person who is the recipient.
她观察到,病理性地使用投射性认同使得主体处于一种幻觉(phantasy)中,即,能够避免弗洛伊德(1915年)描述的漫长而痛苦的哀伤过程,从而——在克莱因框架中——阻碍了从偏执型精神分裂心位向抑郁心位的移动。克莱因认为投射性认同是一种无意识的幻觉——“投射”和“认同”的部分都是无意识。接受了投射的客体或部分客体不必在场,也根本不必知道这些投射。克莱因强调,这种功能模式——分裂/否认/理想化/投射性认同——抹去了外部现实(external reality)和精神现实(psychic reality)之间的边界,并允许主体获得力量—在幻觉中—驾驭(over)全部或部分的外在的人(external person)或内部客体(internal object)。投射性认同的无意识幻觉是一个强大的过程。它总会对被投射者的心智产生真正的影响(被投射者会失去部分自我,可能会感到非常确定和正直,或者在大量投射后可能会感到非常空虚)。在某些情况下,它会对接收者产生真实的影响。
Wilfred Bion expanded Klein’s notion of “projective identification as a defensive phantasy” to include its function as a normal, pre-verbal form of communication that actually occurs between mother and infant. He felt that these early communicative experiences were extremely consequential and saw the development of the capacity to think as dependent on how mother and infant are able to adjust to one another. From 1962 on (Bion 1962a, 1962b) he describes how the child’s development of the capacity to think (i.e. alpha function) is dependent on primitive sensorial experience (beta elements) being managed and thus transformed in the mother-child relationship. Bion’s development of the theory of mind was revolutionary in considering that the infant’s capacity to think about and thus manage experience is dependent on the relationship with the alpha function of another human being, i.e., the mother’s.
比昂(Wilfred Bion)扩展了Klein的“投射性认同是一种防御性幻觉”的概念,将其作为一种正常的、前言语的,的确发生在母婴之间的沟通形式。他认为这些早期沟通经验非常重要,他认为思考能力的发展取决于母亲和婴儿如何适应彼此。从1962年开始(Bion 1962a、1962b),比昂描述了儿童思维能力(即阿尔法功能)的发展如何依赖于原始感官经验(贝塔元素)的管理,从而在母婴关系中转化。比昂考虑到婴儿思考和管理经验的能力取决于他/她和另一个人的阿尔法功能的关系,即母亲的阿尔法功能,这对心智理论的发展而言,是革命性的。
Along the lines of Kantian philosophy, Bion considered that thinking is called into existence to cope with thoughts, that thinking is a development forced upon the psyche by the pressure of experience and not the other way around.
按照康德哲学的思路,比昂认为,被称之为存在的思考(thinking)是为了应对思想(thoughts),思考的发展,建立加载在心理的经验之上,而非其他的东西。
Bion believed that, based on the need to survive, the baby has an inbuilt expectation (a preconception) of the existence of a satisfying breast and when she/he experiences this satisfaction, both physically and emotionally (a realization) she/he begins to build an as yet unnamed concept (a conception) which becomes the basis for healthy development. As the baby will inevitably experience distress, the capacity to tolerate frustration will facilitate the development of the capacity to ‘think’, which in turn helps the baby to manage the frustration. This process is dependent on the mother’s ability to “contain” the baby’s projections of “pain and anguish” into her. (see entry CONTAINMENT: CONTAINER-CONTAINED)
比昂认为,基于生存的需要,婴儿对于满足的乳房的存在有一种内在的期望(一种先占观念 preconception),当她/他体验到这种满足时,无论是在身体上还是情感上(一种意识/领悟),她/他开始建立的一个尚未命名的概念concept(构思conception),这个概念成为了健康发展的基础。由于婴儿不可避免地会经历痛苦,忍受挫折的能力将促进“思考(think)”能力的发展,反过来又有助于婴儿管理挫折。这一过程取决于母亲是否有能力“涵容”婴儿投射进她体内的“痛苦和极度痛苦”的投射物。(参见词条Under the best of circumstances, the personalities of both mother and infant are able to adapt to one another so that the infant, with its rudimentary reality sense, is able to produce behaviors reasonably calculated to arouse in the mother feelings that the infant wishes to get rid of. The mother can then process those feelings, during what Bion calls their sojourn in her, returning them to the infant in digestable form by means of the mother’s ministrations. Her ability to “contain” the toxic material projected onto her relies on her capacity for reverie, i.e. her ability to “think” or “dream” about the projecting subject. Reverie is a factor of the mother’s alpha-function (Bion, 1962b) and the child’s repeated experience of this process enables him/her to develop thougths and a thinking mind capable of managing emotional distress.
在最好的情况下,母亲和婴儿的性格都能够相互适应,这样,婴儿凭借其初步的(rudimentary)现实感,有能力产生各种行为,这些行为一再唤起妈妈感受到婴儿想要去除的这些情感。然后,母亲可以处理这些情感,比昂说,这些情感寄居(sojourn)在妈妈内心,在其此间,通过母亲的照料(ministrations)通过可消化的形式将它们返回给婴儿。她“涵容”投射到自己身上的有毒物质的能力取决于她的遐想(reverie)能力,即她“思考”或“掌梦”投射的客体的能力。遐想是母亲阿尔法功能的一个因素(Bion,1962b),而且,孩子对这个过程的反复体验,能够让他/她发展出能够应对管理情绪困扰的思想(thougths)和想法。
In contrast to this situation, when the infant’s pre-conception of a satisfying breast is repeatedly disappointed with a negative realization (i.e. deprivation), a bad object (no breast) is formed. If the mother is unable to receive and contain the baby’s defensive negative projections, or if the infant has a low tolerance for frustration, the bad object, fit only for evacuation (Klein’s projective identifcation) will remain in place. For Bion, the ways in which mother and infant manage these projective identifications will determine the developing child’s capacity to regulate affect and maintain effective ego functioning. Bion’s conceptual model has had vast implications for the psychoanalytic process and for our understanding and use of the countertransference in the clincal setting.
反移情的理解和使用有着巨大的影响。
与这种情况相反,当婴儿的先占观念因为负面的意识realization(即剥夺)反复地对满意的乳房而失望时,就会形成一个(没有乳房)的坏客体。如果母亲无法接收和涵容婴儿的防御性负面投射,或者,如果婴儿忍受挫折的能力较低,那么,这个坏客体,则只适合排出(克莱因的投射性认同)以保留原位。对于比昂来说,母亲和婴儿管理这些投射性认同的方式将决定儿童调节情感和维持有效自我功能之能力的发展。比昂的概念模型对精神分析过程以及我们在临床环境中对Returning to Melanie Klein, she described – as mentioned above – projective identification as closely linked to the primal set of defenses. She thus opened up the exploration of the vast field of part-object relationships and, in addition to her own contributions to the study of the pathology of these defenses, she was then able to give a more realistic and complete picture of the psychic world, both of the infant and of the unconscious functioning all lifelong.
回到Melanie Klein,她指出——如上所述——投射性认同与最初的那套防御机制密切相关。因此,她开启了部分客体关系这一广阔领域的探索,除了她自己对这些防御机制的病理学研究所做的贡献外,她还能够给出一个更真实、更完整的精神世界的画面,包括婴儿一生的无意识功能景象。
Today, it is possible to be more precise from a conceptual point of view: due to the heterogeneous complexity of the concept described above, projective identification has to be considered as a primitive psychic function produced by the first set of defenses. Projective identification is the means of communication par excellence of the Preconscious. From a conceptual point of view, it is inappropriate to mix up the unconscious fantasies arising from the various situations of projective identification with the function that allows them to appear.
今天,从概念的角度来看,可能更精确的说:由于上述各种各样复杂的概念,投射性认同必须被视为第一组防御产生的原始心理功能。投射性认同是前意识(Preconscious)的卓越沟通方式。从概念的角度来看,把投射性认同的各种情境中产生的无意识幻觉与允许它们出现的功能混为一谈是不合适的。
At the beginning of life, such a function fills a vital aim: to allow the helpless newborn to survive and to have a relationship with his first environment. From birth to death, projective identification is used to maintain the feeling of existence and of object cathexis, in particular by internalizing the absent or lost object. It is the central tool in any situation of mourning. In melancholia, the function of projective identification has been totally destroyed by the attacks of the Superego against the Ego and the Id.
在生命之初,这样的功能充满了一个至关重要的目标:允许无助的新生儿生存下来,并与第一个环境建立关系。从出生到死亡,投射性认同被用来维持存在和客体贯注的感受,尤其是通过内化缺席或丧失的客体。它是任何哀悼场合的核心工具。在忧郁症中,投射性认同的功能被超我(针对自我和本我)的攻击彻底摧毁。
Being a function of the mind that develops according to the characteristics of each person, projective identification may result in empathy for, – or in a paranoid grip on, – the object involved; a rich communication of feelings and thoughts – or a dictatorial submission of one protagonist to the other; an increase of discoveries in the common field of interest of the two persons – or a phobic flight from the relationship by the subject to avoid any proximity with the elements he/she has projected into his/her protagonist.
共情,或者产生偏执的掌控;情感和思想的丰富交流——或者一个独裁者(dictatorial)对另一个主要人物(protagonist)的屈服;增加两人在共同感兴趣的领域的探索——或,主体出于恐惧逃离关系,以避免接近他/她投射到他/她的主要任务体内的元素。
投射性认同是一种根据每个人的特征发展起来的思维功能,它可能会导致:对所涉及的客体产生Klein’s discovery of projective identification is an answer to the question of the object in the primary narcissistic state: this state can no longer be regarded as objectless, since virtually any split part of the Ego may be combined with any split part of an object, either external or internal. Freud (1921) had already observed that narcissistic identifications were based upon a single detail of the person unconsciously chosen as a model. His remark about the necessity to mourn every detail of the lost object to complete a real process of mourning (Freud, 1917) enhances the importance of the link created by projective identification, both in object relations and in the feeling of identity.
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克莱因发现的投射性认同,回答了处于原始自恋状态的客体的问题:这种原始自恋状态不能再被视为无客体状态,因为事实上,自我的任何分裂部分都可能与客体的任何分裂部分相结合,无论是外部的还是内部的。弗洛伊德(1921)已经观察到自恋性认同( narcissistic identifications)单一的细节,这个人无意识的充当了自己的榜样。他指出,为了完成一个真正的哀悼过程,有必要详细的哀悼每一个丧失客体的细节,哀悼过程增强了投射认同在客体关系和认同感中所创造的连接的重要性。II. A. Further British and European Contributions
2.1 英国和欧洲的进一步贡献
Impacted by Bion’s development of the concept of projective identification and his model of the development of the capacity for thinking, Esther Bick and Donald Meltzer utilized their experience in the field of infant observation and the clinical treatment of autistic children to discern, delineate and differentiate an even more elemental maneuver, related to but not the same as projective identification. They coined the term adhesive identification (later termed adhesive identity) and differentiated this more primitive defensive operation from projective identification.
受比昂投射性认同概念和思维能力模型之发展的影响,Esther Bick和唐纳德·梅尔泽(Donald Meltzer)利用他们在婴儿观察和自闭症儿童临床治疗领域中的经验辨别,勾勒(delineate)并区分的更基本的操纵,这些操纵与投射性认同有关,但又和投射性认同不同。他们创造了“粘附性认同(adhesive identification)”(后来被称为粘附性同一性adhesive identity)一词,并将这种更原始的防御操作与投射性认同区分开来。
Esther Bick (1968, 1986) delineated an elemental type of narcissistic identification, which developmentally precedes that which is implied in Klein’s theory of projective identification. She hypothesized that very young babies may initially experience the absence of boundaries sufficiently capable of holding together their mental and emotional contents, not yet completely distinguishable or differentiated from their bodily contents. Bick proposed the notion of a “psychic skin”, which ideally serves to passively bind together the experiences or parts of the nascent self. The development of this “psychic skin” occurs through experiences of continuous interaction between a physically and emotionally “holding” and mentally “containing” mother, and the surface of the infant's body as a sensory organ. This notion is one which Freud (1923) alluded to when he suggested that “the ego is first and foremost a bodily; it is not merely a surface entity, but is itself the projection of a surface” (p. 26).
Esther Bick(1968, 1986)勾勒了自恋性认同的一种基本类型,自恋型认同在发展上先于克莱因在投射认同理论中暗示的。她假设,非常小的婴儿最初可能会体验到边界的缺失,这个边界足以能够将其心智和情感的内容抱持在一起,但尚未完全辨别(distinguishable)或区分(differentiated)他们的身体内容。Bick提出了“心理皮肤(psychic skin)”的概念,在理想情况下,它有助于被动地将最初的(nascent)(上述)诸多体验或诸多部分自我绑在一起。这种“心理皮肤”的发育发生在母婴之间的持续互动经验之中,即,在身体和情感上“抱持(holding)”,心智上“涵容(containing)”的母亲,以及作为感觉器官的婴儿身体表面之间的持续互动经验。弗洛伊德(1923)在提出“自我首先是,而且最重要的是一个身体;它不仅是一个表面实体,而且本身是一个表面的投射。”(第26页)。
Bick (1968) further hypothesized that “later, identification with this [psychic skin] function of the object supersedes the unintegrated state and gives rise to the [ph]antasy of internal and external spaces” (p. 484). She forwarded the idea that this phantasy of space is the essential basis for the normal adaptive splitting and projection necessary to the processes of idealization and separation described by Klein. However, Bick warned that
Bick(1968)进一步假设,“后来,对客体的这种[心理皮肤]功能的认同取代了不整合的状态,并产生了对内部和外部空间的幻觉”(第484页)。她传达这样一个观点,即,这种空间幻觉是(克莱因所描述的理想化和分离过程所必需的)正常适应性分裂和投射的基本依据。然而,Bick告诫道:
“… until the containing function has been introjected, the concept of a space within the self cannot arise … [and] construction of an [internal containing] object … [will be] impaired… Faulty development of this primal skin function can be seen to result either from defects in the adequacy of the actual object or from fantasy attacks on it, which impair introjection. Disturbance in the primal skin function can lead to a development of a ‘second skin’ formation through which dependence on the object is replaced by a pseudo-independence, by the inappropriate use of certain mental functions, or perhaps innate talents, for the purpose of creating a substitute for this skin container function.” (p 484)
“……在引入涵容功能之前,无法产生自我内部空间的概念……[和]一个[内在涵容]客体的构造…[这将是]受损的……可以认为,这种原始皮肤功能的发育缺陷,或是来自于实际客体的胜任缺陷,或是来自于对它的幻觉攻击,从而削弱了内摄性。原始皮肤功能的紊乱可导致发展形成“第二皮肤(second skin)”,通过第二皮肤,对客体的依赖被伪独立性取代,伪独立性通过不适当地使用某些心智功能,或者先天天赋,以创造一种替代这种皮肤容器功能的替代品。”(p484)
Donald Meltzer's work with Bion's theories led him to propose a classification of the pathology of projective identification, according to whether the disorders are primarily in the field of projection or mainly in that of identification (Meltzer, 1986).
唐纳德·梅尔泽用比昂的理论进行工作,他根据疾病主要是在投射领域还是在认同领域(Meltzer,1986)提出了投射性认同的病理学分类。
Pathology of projection has to do with the way the inner world of the object is fantasized; here we are in the field of phobias, especially agoraphobia and claustrophobia. Fantasies about the nature and quality of the atmosphere that could prevail within the object are also found in some psychotic states of confusion, especially those observed during adolescence. Meltzer also mentions the syndrome of distorted perception, which he calls the “delusion of clarity of insight”, namely, the conviction of knowing exactly what another person is thinking.
青春期(个案中)观察到的那些状态中,也发现了客体内部可能盛行的幻想气氛的性质和质量。梅尔泽还提到了感知扭曲综合征(the syndrome of distorted perception),他称之为“洞见清晰的错觉”,即,确切的知道另一个人在想什么的信念。
投射的病理学与客体内心世界的幻想方式有关;我们在恐怖症领域,尤其是广场恐怖症和幽闭恐惧症(可以看到)。在一些精神错乱的状态中,尤其是在The most common pathology of identification consists in an immediate appropriation of the object’s qualities. Hysterical conversion is the classic example of it is, but it is also present in manic-depressive psychosis, in hypochondria and in states of pseudo-maturity, where the subject may be stuck in his projective identification with an idealized object, without proceeding further to a work of mourning of the latter in order to build, first, an intermediate state of heterogeneous hyper maturity, then, to then reach a balanced ideal of the Ego.
最常见的病理学认同在于对客体性质的直接挪用(appropriation)。歇斯底里式的转换就是一个典型的例子,但它也存在于躁狂-抑郁性精神病、疑病症和假性成熟状态中,在这种状态下,主体可能会陷入对理想化客体的投射性认同,而不需要进一步对后者进行哀悼工作,以便首先建立一种异质性( heterogeneous)过度成熟的中间状态,然后,达到自我理想的平衡。
Some years later, Meltzer (1992) explores the unconscious choice of the part-object into which projective identification is accomplished. He notes that it involves different parts of the fantasized mother's body – genital apparatus, anus, breast, head – and develops his clinical exploration into the different pathologies according to the choice of a particular container, respectively: sexualization/excitement, secret/robbery, and omnipotent generosity/idealization.
几年后,Meltzer(1992)探索了无意识(在完成投射性认同过程中)选择的部分客体。他指出,它涉及了对母亲身体不同部位的幻想——生殖器、肛门、乳房、头——并根据特定容器的选择,并且在不同的病理学中形成了他的临床探索:性欲化/兴奋、隐秘/抢劫,以及无所不能的慷慨/理想化。
The situation of “good” and “bad” objects will also vary depending on the pathology of projective identification. Melanie Klein had already noted that, in addition to keeping the good objects inside of the Ego and projecting the bad objects outside the Ego in order to protect it from them, the opposite and complementary situation is also very common: when the inside of one’s own mind or body are experienced as bad and dangerous – as for example, in melancholy – the patient projects his good objects and the good parts of his Ego into an external object in order to protect them against his own bad, attacking parts.