James McKeen Cattell(1860-1944)
學歷
Lafayette, BA in 1880 & MA in 1883.
Studied in Europe with Wundt in Leipzig and Lotze at Gottingen 1880.
Johns Hopkins University, 1882-3
Leipzig as Wundt's assistant, Ph.D. in 1886.
經歷
St. John's College, Cambridge,研究及教授實驗心理學
Bryn Mawr, 1887, 教授心理學
University of Pennsylvania, 1888. 心理學教授
Columbia University 1891-1905 ,心理學系、人類學系以及哲學系系主任
生平
Cattell於1860年五月二十五日出生於美國賓希凡尼亞州。先就讀於其父擔任校長的拉法葉(Lafayette)學院,畢業後赴歐洲,進如德國萊比錫大學,成為心理學之父—Wundt的學生。兩年後獲得Johns
Hopkins University的獎學金,1882年返國,在該校的G. S. Hall之下修習心理學。1883年返萊比錫大學,成為Wundt的助教,研究反應時間及個別差異問題。當Cattell還是Wundt的學生時,就已經對Wundt的觀點提出挑戰,他認為並不是所有的人都能以Wundt所提出的方法做內省,也就是把反應時間分為感覺、選擇等。所以,雖然日後Cattell成為Wundt的助理,但他只有在自己的住處進行一些實驗,因為Wundt不允許他在實驗室內進行非內省法的實驗。
1886年獲萊比錫大學心理學哲學博士學位後,曾赴英國劍橋大學任教,與F. Galton相遇,共同商討個別差異之研究法。1888年返國,任賓州大學教授,專門研究並教授心理學,1891年轉任哥倫比亞大學教授兼系主任,四年後當選為美國心理學會主席。此後在哥倫比亞大學任教26年之久,著名的教育心理學家E.
L. Thorndike
即其學生之一。惟第一次世界大戰爆發後,Cattell主張和平,被人誤解不忠於政府,而在1917年遭哥倫比亞大學解聘,雖後來上訴獲勝,但無未能復職。Cattell離開教職後組織心理學公司,促進心理學的應用,迄至1944年去世,享年八十五歲。Cattell的主要貢獻是採用測驗統計的分析方法研究個別差異,使當時的哥倫比亞大學成為科學心理學與心理測驗推動的中心,也使哥倫比亞大學成為教育心理學的發源地。
主要貢獻
Cattell
是全世界第一位正式脫離哲學範疇而純屬心理學的教授,利用量化的統計方法使心理學發展為實驗科學,是美國第一位強調量化(quantification)的學者。早期Cattell的興趣在於測量簡單的心智歷程,例如簡單心智反應的反應時間,包括物體或顏色的叫名作業(naming
task)。之後與Wundt一同進行研究,發表數篇文章,包括《心理計量簡介》 (Psychometric Investigation)", 是Wundt實驗室中,第一位發表個人論文的美國學者。此外,Cattell的興趣在於編輯及出版,並且推動了許多科學社群與組織,出版方面計有:
a) 1894-1903 Psychological Review 發起人之一。
b) 1894-1944 The Journal of Science.編輯及出版者。
c) 1894 Scientific Monthly.
d) 1908 American Naturalist.
e) 1915 School and Society.
f) 1932 創辦the Leaders in Education series.
g) 1923 建立Science Press 出版個人論著。
而Cattell也同時身兼許多組織的召集人,例如American Psychological Association 、American Association
of University Professors、 American Association for the Advancement of
Science。且於1921年自己出資創辦Psychological Corporation來推動心理學研究,並在1929年負責在鈕哈芬市(New
Haven)所舉辦的第九屆國際心理學研討會。
出版論文
Cattell, J.M. (1886). The time it takes to see and name objects. Mind,11,63-65.
Cattell, J.M. (1890). Mental tests and measurements. Mind,15,373-381.
Cattell, J.M. (1895). Measurements of the accuracy of recollection.
Science,2,761-766.
Cattell, J. Mck. (1896). Address of the president before the American
Psychological Association, 1895. Psychological Review3,134-148.
Cattell, J.M. (1903). Statistics of American psychologists. American Journal of
Psychology,14,310- 328.
Cattell, J. Mck. (1904). The conceptions and methods of psychology. Popular
Science Monthly,66,176- 186.
Cattell, J.M. (1909). The school and the family. Popular Science
Monthly,74,84-95.
Cattell, J.M. (1929). Psychology in America [Address of the president of the
Ninth International Congress of Psychology]. Science,70,335-347.
Cattell, J.M. (1943). The founding of the Association. Psychological
Review,50,61-64.
Hothersall, D. History of Psychology. 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1995.
Schultz, D. & Schultz, S. E. A History of Modern Psychology. 5th Ed., 1992.
Smith, P. (1985). America enters the new world (vol.7). New York : McGraw-Hill.
Sokal, M.M. (1971). The unpublished autobiography of James McKeen Cattell.
American Psychologist,26,626-635.
Sokal, M.M. (1980). Science and James McKeen Cattell, 1894-1945.
Science,209,43-52.
Sokal, M.M. (1992). Origin and early years of the American Psychological
Association, 1890-1906. American Psychologist, 47, 111-122.
Thorne, M. B. & Henley, T. B. (1997). Connections in the History and Systems of
Psychology. Houghton Mifflin Co.
Cattell生平時間表
1860 Born in Easton, Pennsylvania
1880 Earned Bachelor's degree at Lafayette College
1880 Left for Europe
1882 Fellowship, John Hopkins University
1883 Returned to Leipzig to work under Wundt
1886 Ph.D. under Wundt
1888-91 Professor of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
1890 Coined term "mental tests"
1891 Professor of Psychology and Head of Department, Columbia University
1894 Secretary, APA
1895 President, APA
1895 Purchased Science from Alexander Graham Bell
1897 Founded Psychological Review with James Mark Baldwin
1900 Science became official publication of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science
1900 Purchased Popular Science Monthly
1901 First Psychologist to be admitted to the National Academy of Sciences
1902 President, New York Academy of Sciences
1903 Did ranking of Psychologists
1903 Baldwin bought Cattell out of Psychological Review
1906 Began reference works, American Men of Science & Leaders in Education
1915 Established School and Society weekly
1917 Dismissed from Columbia
1921 Organized the Psychological Corporation
1924 President, American Association for the Advancement of Sciences
1929 Address as President of the Ninth International Congress of Psychology
1944 Died
參考文獻
Morton, H.,李斯譯(民89)。心理學的故事:源起與演變。台北:究竟。
張春興(1998)。張氏心理學辭典。台北:東華。
History of influences in the development of intelligence theory & testing
(http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/index.html)
HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY ARCHIVES
(http://muskingum.edu/~psychology/psycweb/history/cattell.htm)