Kernberg, O.F. (1982). Self, Ego, Affects, and Drives. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 30:893-917.
(1982).
IN WHAT FOLLOWS I SHALL EXAMINE certain issues having to do with the relation of the ego to the self, clarify my views on early development and structure formation, and suggest a modification of dual instinct theory. These issues will be explored with a particular focus on the psychopathology of narcissism and the classification of nonorganic psychopathology.
The Ego and the Self
Terminological Issues
A survey of the psychoanalytic literature on theories of the ego and concepts of the self reveals the existence of considerable terminological confusion. That the terms ego and self are sometimes used interchangeably, sometimes carefully distinguished from each other, and at other times treated ambiguously probably is due to the way Freud used these words, the way Strachey translated them, and the subsequent elaborations made on them by others.
Freud preserved throughout his writings the German
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