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2006, Vol. 37, No. 5, 515–522 0735-7028/06/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515
Discredited Psychological Treatments and Tests: A Delphi Poll
In the context of intense interest in evidence-based practice (EBP), the authors sought to establish consensus on discredited psychological treatments and assessments using Delphi methodology. A panel of 101 experts participated in a 2-stage survey, reporting familiarity with 59 treatments and 30 assessment techniques and rating these on a continuum from not at all discredited to certainly discredited. The authors report their composite findings as well as significant differences that occurred as a function of the experts’ gender and theoretical orientation. The results should be interpreted carefully and humbly, but they do offer a cogent first step in consensually identifying a continuum of discredited procedures in modern mental health practice.
Note. Ratings made on a 5-point, Likert-type scale where 1 = not at all discredited, 2 = unlikely discredited, 3 = possibly discredited, 4 = probably discredited, 5 = certainly discredited. PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; tx = treatment; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
原文链接：http://www.omnibehavioralhealth.com/pdf/delphi_poll.pdf
2006, Vol. 37, No. 5, 515–522 0735-7028/06/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515
Discredited Psychological Treatments and Tests: A Delphi Poll
In the context of intense interest in evidence-based practice (EBP), the authors sought to establish consensus on discredited psychological treatments and assessments using Delphi methodology. A panel of 101 experts participated in a 2-stage survey, reporting familiarity with 59 treatments and 30 assessment techniques and rating these on a continuum from not at all discredited to certainly discredited. The authors report their composite findings as well as significant differences that occurred as a function of the experts’ gender and theoretical orientation. The results should be interpreted carefully and humbly, but they do offer a cogent first step in consensually identifying a continuum of discredited procedures in modern mental health practice.
关键词：Delphi Poll, discredited technique, evidence-based practice, psychological assessment, psychotherapy, quackery
Experts’ Ratings of Mental Health Treatments in Ranked Order
| Round 1 | Round 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % not | % not | |||||
| Treatment | M | SD | familiar | M | SD | familiar |
| Angel therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的愤怒治疗 | 4.92 | 0.28 | 71.4 | 4.98 | 0.14 | 46.4 |
| Use of pyramids for restoration of energy 能量金字塔重建 | 4.89 | 0.32 | 31.7 | 4.98 | 0.13 | 28.0 |
| Orgone therapy (use of orgone box or orgone energy accumulator) for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的奥尔根治疗法 | 4.92 | 0.28 | 26.0 | 4.97 | 0.17 | 16.9 |
| Crystal healing for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的氣輪陣自覺療法 | 4.82 | 0.44 | 34.0 | 4.95 | 0.21 | 21.0 |
| Past lives therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的前世疗法 | 4.81 | 0.44 | 22.8 | 4.92 | 0.27 | 7.2 |
| Future lives therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的来世疗法 | 4.67 | 0.80 | 42.4 | 4.88 | 0.33 | 30.5 |
| Treatments for PTSD caused by alien abduction 外星人诱拐引起的创伤后应激障碍 | 4.69 | 0.68 | 26.7 | 4.85 | 0.40 | 20.5 |
| Rebirthing therapies for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的重生治疗 | 4.58 | 0.82 | 10.9 | 4.75 | 0.46 | 4.8 |
| Color therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的色彩疗法 | 4.56 | 0.56 | 59.6 | 4.68 | 0.62 | 50.6 |
| Primal scream therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 尖叫治疗 | 4.51 | 5.9 | 4.61 | 0.72 | 4.8 | |
| Chiropractic manipulation for mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的整脊手法治疗 | 4.36 | 0.70 | 29.3 | 4.57 | 0.60 | 14.6 |
| Thought Field Therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的思維場療法治疗 | 4.21 | 1.08 | 56.0 | 4.56 | 0.66 | 46.4 |
| Standard prefrontal lobotomy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的标准前额白质切断术治疗 | 4.44 | 0.90 | 9.9 | 4.55 | 0.80 | 8.3 |
| Aromatherapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍香薰疗法 | 4.33 | 32.3 | 4.55 | 0.63 | 20.2 | |
| Erhard Seminar Training for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的埃哈德式小组疗法 | 4.29 | 0.78 | 37.4 | 4.47 | 0.85 | 28.7 |
| Age-regression methods for treating adults who may have been sexually abused as children 对于或许曾经遭遇过儿童期性虐待成人的催眠年龄倒退法 | 4.12 | 0.97 | 4.1 | 4.41 | 8.3 | |
| Craniosacral therapy for treatment of anxiety and depression 对于焦虑和抑郁的颅骶疗法 | 4.20 | 0.76 | 67.7 | 4.38 | 0.78 | 58.5 |
| Preventive intervention for “born criminals” 对于“天生犯罪人”的预防干预 | 4.19 | 1.13 | 66.3 | 4.36 | 0.85 | 49.4 |
| Sexual reorientation/reparative therapy for homosexuality 对于同性恋的性取向/性修复 | 4.25 | 1.00 | 9.1 | 4.29 | 0.91 | 7.1 |
| Holding therapy for reactive attachment disorder 对于反应性童年依赖症的拥抱治疗 | 4.14 | 1.06 | 37.8 | 4.29 | 0.71 | 33.7 |
| Treatments for mental disorders resulting from Satanic ritual abuse 针对邪教儀式虐待引起的精神障碍 | 3.98 | 1.31 | 34.7 | 4.28 | 1.05 | 22.0 |
| Healing touch (not massage therapy) for treatment of mental/ behavioral disorders 对于心理/行为障碍的接觸療法（非按摩治疗） | 4.10 | 1.12 | 41.4 | 4.13 | 0.96 | 25.6 |
| Psychological treatments of schizophrenia based on the schizophrenogenic theory of schizophrenia 基于精神分裂症理论的精神分裂症心理治疗 | 3.81 | 1.17 | 18.2 | 4.04 | 0.98 | 13.4 |
| Reparenting therapies for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍 | 3.84 | 1.13 | 24.8 | 4.03 | 0.94 | 13.4 |
| Bettelheim model for treatment of childhood autism 对于儿童自闭症的贝特尔海姆模式治疗 | 3.94 | 1.19 | 19.4 | 4.01 | 0.90 | 14.3 |
| Dolphin-assisted therapy for treatment of developmental disabilities 对于身心發育障碍的海豚辅助治疗 | 3.73 | 1.34 | 63.6 | 3.97 | 0.96 | 52.4 |
| Equine therapy for treatment of eating disorders 对于进食障碍的马术疗法 | 3.64 | 1.15 | 70.7 | 3.96 | 0.73 | 69.5 |
| Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) for treatment of mental/ behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的NLP治疗 | 3.57 | 1.06 | 26.7 | 3.87 | 0.92 | 24.1 |
| Psychosynthesis for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍心理综合学治疗 | 3.69 | 1.29 | 68.0 | 3.83 | 1.04 | 65.1 |
| Scared Straight programs for prevention of conduct disorders and criminal behavior 对于预防品行疾患犯罪行为的直接恐吓计划 | 3.48 | 1.10 | 23.0 | 3.80 | 0.87 | 20.7 |
| Emotional Freedom Technique for tx of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍 | 3.77 | 1.15 | 74.7 | 3.80 | 81.2 | |
| DARE programs for prevention of substance abuse/dependence 对于阻止物质依赖/滥用的DARE计划 | 3.65 | 1.23 | 23.2 | 3.79 | 0.99 | 18.3 |
| Family therapy for schizophrenia based on the double-bind theory of schizophrenia 基于精神分裂症双盲理论的对于精神分裂的家庭治疗 | 3.73 | 1.30 | 10.2 | 3.76 | 1.07 | 6.2 |
| Jungian sand tray therapy for treatment of adolescent and adult disorders 对于青少年和成人的荣格沙盘治疗 | 3.49 | 1.34 | 38.4 | 3.76 | 0.94 | 39.8 |
| Rage reduction therapy for depression | 3.71 | 1.14 | 42.6 | 3.72 | 1.01 | 36.9 |
| Freudian dream analysis for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的弗洛伊德的梦境分析疗法 | 3.65 | 1.35 | 2.0 | 3.67 | 1.21 | 3.7 |
| Facilitated communication for treatment of autism 对于自闭症的辅助交流治疗 | 3.49 | 1.48 | 26.3 | 3.67 | 1.20 | 21.0 |
| Bioenergetic therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于心理/行为障碍的生物能量释放治疗 | 3.37 | 1.11 | 47.5 | 3.63 | 0.86 | 33.3 |
| Insight-oriented psychotherapies for sex offenders 对于性犯罪者的内观取向疗法 | 3.47 | 1.32 | 7.1 | 3.54 | 0.99 | 3.6 |
| Catharsis/ventilation treatment for anger disorders 对于愤怒障碍的宣泄/通气治疗 | 3.32 | 1.23 | 9.1 | 3.53 | 0.94 | 8.4 |
| Psychotherapy for the treatment of penis envy 对于阝月茎嫉羡的心理治疗 | 3.60 | 1.51 | 22.8 | 3.52 | 1.34 | 18.3 |
| Marathon encounter groups for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的马拉松会心团体治疗 | 3.43 | 1.21 | 12.9 | 3.49 | 1.02 | 12.0 |
| Acupuncture for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于心理/行为障碍的针灸治疗 | 3.53 | 1.08 | 24.5 | 3.48 | 0.94 | 23.8 |
| Psychotherapy for castration anxiety 对于阉割焦虑的心理治疗 | 3.42 | 1.52 | 25.7 | 3.26 | 1.34 | 20.7 |
| Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) for acute trauma 对于急性创伤的严重事件应激晤谈 | 3.02 | 1.43 | 15.5 | 3.25 | 1.05 | 11.0 |
| Psychosocial therapies for treatment of pedophilia 对于恋童癖的社会心理疗法 | 3.30 | 1.26 | 16.8 | 3.23 | 1.04 | 14.5 |
| Neurofeedback for ADHD 对于ADHD的神经反馈 | 3.10 | 1.08 | 38.0 | 3.14 | 1.00 | 30.1 |
| Classical psychoanalysis for removal of Axis I symptoms 移除轴I症状的经典精神分析 | 3.22 | 1.31 | 1.0 | 3.10 | 1.07 | 3.7 |
| Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for thetreatment of trauma 对于创伤的EMDR治疗 | 2.88 | 1.13 | 4.0 | 3.06 | 1.20 | 2.4 |
| Moreno’s psychodrama for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的莫纳则心理剧治疗 | 2.95 | 1.14 | 25.7 | 2.93 | 0.95 | 17.1 |
| W. R. Bion’s method of group analysis for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders 对于 心理/行为障碍的比昂团体分析方法治疗 | 2.93 | 1.36 | 67.0 | 2.91 | 1.13 | 60.7 |
| Laughter or humor therapy for treatment of depression 对于抑郁症的大笑/幽默疗法 | 2.83 | 0.92 | 36.6 | 2.81 | 0.74 | 24.1 |
| Psychosocial (nonbehavioral) therapies for ADHD 对于ADHD的（无行为取向的）社会心理疗法 | 2.85 | 1.12 | 17.8 | 2.79 | 1.02 | 13.6 |
| Thought stopping procedures for ruminations/intrusive worry 对于自我反思反芻的思考停止程序 | 2.25 | 1.10 | 6.9 | 2.20 | 0.94 | 2.4 |
| Behavior therapy for sex offenders 性犯罪的行为疗法 | 1.97 | 1.03 | 7.1 | 2.05 | 0.91 | 3.6 |
原文链接：http://www.omnibehavioralhealth.com/pdf/delphi_poll.pdf
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