Alban, M. W., & Kelley, C. M. (2013). Embodiment meets metamemory: Weight as a cue for metacognitive judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(5), 1628.1634. 心理学空间?~"c6Q_,xG

Uo5QO7f'[5A^0Avenanti, A., Candidi, M., & Urgesi, C. (2013). Vicarious motor activation during action perception: Beyond correlational evidence. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 185.

"M3Qn0yhL?&|0Aziz-Zadeh, L., & Ivry, R. H. (2009). The human mirror neuron system and embodied representations. In D. Sternad (Ed.), Progress in motor control. US: Springer.

]C}K:b0SY#Z0Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230.244.

2NJ P:w#X$q0Bello, J. P., Modro.o, C., Marcano, F., & González-Mora, J. L. (2014). The mirror neuron system and motor dexterity: What happens?. Neuroscience, 275, 285–295.

Bolhuis, J. J., Brown, G. R., Richardson, R. C., & Laland, K. N. (2011). Darwin in mind: New opportunities for evolutionary psychology. PLoS Biology, 9(7), e1001109.

tm7|7M L_0Borg, E. (2007). If mirror neurons are the answer, what was the question?. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 14, 5.19.

Borg, E. (2013). More questions for mirror neurons. Consciousness and Cognition, 22, 1122.1131. 心理学空间(\%E%koI(^;Y,m(r

Brucker, B., Ehlis, A. C., H.u.inger, F. B., Fallgatter, A. J., & Gerjets, P. (2015). Watching corresponding gestures facilitates learning with animations by activating human mirror-neurons: An fNIRS study. Learning and Instruction, 36, 27.37.

iE qa2]\j9B7R"EF8n0Buccino, G., Lui, F., Canessa, N., Patteri, I., Lagravinese, G., Benuzzi, F., … Rizzolatti, G. (2004). Neural circuits involved in the recognition of actions performed by nonconspecifics: An FMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 114.126. 心理学空间*GD*A0s0f(gm

Caggiano, V., Fogassi, L., Rizzolatti, G., Casile, A., Giese, M. A., & Ther, P. (2012). Mirror neurons encode the subjective value of an observed action. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(29), 11848.11853.

Caggiano, V., Fogassi, L., Rizzolatti, G., Their, P., & Casile, A. (2009). Mirror neurons differentially encode the peripersonal and extrapersonal space of monkeys. Science, 324, 403.406. 心理学空间-v*u"^_!z#z!E_

Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M. C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Lenzi, G. L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 5497.5502. 心理学空间JI Ea,{`

U3pF\*r5Z)A1\0Carruthers, P., & Smith, P. K. (1996). Theories of theories of mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 心理学空间'a#^([q2GWO|x;?\

-DK0l
H"J'a:|+N/i0Casile, A., Caggiano, V., & Ferrari, P. F. (2011). The mirror neuron system: A fresh view. The Neuroscientist, 17(5), 524.538.

Cook, R., Bird, G., Catmur, C., Press, C., & Heyes, C. (2014). Mirror neurons: From origin to function. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 37, 177.192. 心理学空间 }j @cj o$W(]q

0j ^xxF0Corradini, A., & Antonietti, A. (2013). Mirror neurons and their function in cognitively understood empathy. Consciousness and Cognition, 22, 1152.1161. 心理学空间k,m*Z
f5Y'uU&p7m&V)I

2X-U^2di#W7Bs;UD#E0Decety, J., & Grèzes, J. (2006). The power of simulation: Imagining one’s own and other’s behavior. Brain Research, 1079, 4.14. 心理学空间7l0O6o~#q^4M

Dijksterhuis, A. J. (2005). Why are we social animals: The high road to imitation as social glue. In S. L. Hurley & N. Chater (Eds.), Perspectives on imitation: From neuroscience to social science (pp. 207.220). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Fadiga, L., Tia, B., & Viaro, R. (2015). Anatomy and physiology of the mirror neuron system. In Brain mapping: An encyclopedic reference (pp. 411.416). New York: Academic Press. 心理学空间F-W4]6Q&E!I

X5e%u
F%`'u.l$^o|0Ferrari, P. F., & Gallese, V. (2007). Mirror neurons and intersubjectivity. In S. Br.ten (Ed.), On being moved: From mirror neurons to empathy (pp. 73.88). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 心理学空间
aS$G7h0eL0}/o#t

Ferrari, P. F., & Rizzolatti, G. (2014). Mirror neuron research: The past and the future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 369, 20130169.

Fogassi, L. (2011). The mirror neuron system: How cognitive functions emerge from motor organization. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 77, 66.75.

7A!K-A'e;S?6H0Gallagher, S. (2008). Understanding others: Embodied social cognition. In P. Calvo & T. Gomila (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive science: An embodied approach. San Diego, US: Elsevier. 心理学空间7vGk$T1i.rd

Gallese, V. (2009). Mirror neurons and the neural exploitation hypothesis: From Embodied simulation to social cognition. In J. A. Pineda (Ed.), Mirror neuron systems: The role of mirroring processes in social cognition (pp. 163.190). New York, NY: Human Press. 心理学空间[C#Yc7`$T

Gallese, V., Rochat, M., & Berchio, C. (2013). The mirror mechanism and its potential role in autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 55, 15.22. 心理学空间iLL)L,H.l

Gallese, V., Rochat, M., Cossu, G., & Sinigaglia, C. (2009). Motor cognition and its role in the phylogeny and ontogeny of action understanding. Developmental Psychology, 45(1), 103.113.

}R2r']-\x0Gallese, V., & Sinigaglia, C. (2011). What is so special about embodied simulation?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(11), 512.519.

Gallese, V., & Sinigaglia, C. (2014). Understanding action with the motor system. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(2), 199.200.

`wYX~ ZLH`$L0Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. San Diego: Psychology Press. 心理学空间"FTi9RGL

Goldman, A. (2005). Imitation, mind reading, and simulation. In S. Hurley & N. Chater (Eds.), Perspective on Imitation (2). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

|(}
ec(K6G'yu;d0Gordon, R., & Cruz, G. (2004). Simulation theory. In L. Nadel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of cognitive science. London: Nature Publishing Group.

:xtJ|fF+eZE0Gros, I. T., Panasiti, M. S., & Chakrabarti, B. (2015). The Plasticity of the mirror system: How reward learning modulates cortical motor simulation of others. Neuropsychologia, 70, 255.262.

Havas, D. A., Glenberg, A. M., Gutowski, K. A., Lucarelli, M. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2010). Cosmetic use of botulinum toxin-A affects processing of emotional language. Psychological Science, 21(7), 895.900. 心理学空间#ZM)V@-m4AR@

Heyes, C. (2014). Tinbergen on mirror neurons. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 369, 20130180. 心理学空间$@ T:G`mT4l6?J

Hickok, G. (2009). Eight problems for the mirror neuron theory of action understanding in monkeys and humans. 心理学空间H _jmTZ|1Q

r-I^a-uRZ4?a0

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(7), 1229.1243.

{f*kIvH7Y0Hickok, G. (2013). Do mirror neurons subserve action understanding?. Neuroscience Letters, 540, 56.58.

Hickok, G. (2014). The myth of mirror neurons. New York: W. 心理学空间D-M?M2g"m)E ~6v2P

W. Norton & Company.

Hunnius, S., & Bekkering, H. (2014). What are you doing? How active and observational experience shape infants’ action understanding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 369, 20130490.

2Y(|5F9],@G W0Iacoboni, M. (2009). Imitation, empathy, and mirror neurons. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 653.670. 心理学空间7hW*}KR4n+R8xO2e

1ujK$Q;bah ^0Iacoboni, M., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Gallese, V., Buccino, G., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2005). Grasping the intentions of others with one’s own mirror neuron system. PLoS Biology, 3, e79.

Jacob, P. (2009). The tuning-fork model of human social cognition: A critique. Consciousness and Cognition, 18, 229.243.

'j}+URwqD x0Kemmerer, D. (2015). Does the motor system contribute to the perception and understanding of actions? Reflections on Gregory Hickok's the myth of mirror neurons: The real neuroscience of communication and cognition. Language and Cognition, 7, 450.475.

ho9f,N0rpl Bif0Keysers, C. (2011). The empathic brain: How the discovery of mirror neurons changes our understanding of human nature. Amsterdam: Social Brain Press.

0kv}
L7l m:N0E*az0Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2010). Social neuroscience: Mirror neurons recorded in humans. Current Biology, 20(8), R353.R354.

Kilner, J. M., & Lemon, R. N. (2013). What we know currently about mirror neurons. Current Biology, 23(23), R1057. R1062.

Kraskov, A., Dancause, N., Quallo, M. M., Shepherd, S., & Lemon, R. N. (2009). Corticospinal neurons in macaque ventral premotor cortex with mirror properties: A potential mechanism for action suppression?. Neuron, 64(6), 922.930.

Lacoste-Badie, S., & Droulers, O. (2014). Advertising memory: The power of mirror neurons. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 7(4), 195–202.

Lamm, C., & Majdand.i., J. (2015). The role of shared neural activations, mirror neurons, and morality in empathy-A critical comment. Neuroscience Research, 90, 15.24. 心理学空间l/c;O:@h
B#b7}9g9rR)aN+C

Lemon, R. (2015). Is the mirror Cracked? Brain, 138(7), 2109.2111.

Mahy, C. E. V., Moses, L. J., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2014). How and where: Theory-of-mind in the brain. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 68.81.

B}O~#Xq5v(Z0Molnar-Szakacs, I. (2011). From actions to empathy and morality – A neural perspective. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 77, 76.85. 心理学空间'~T4k-sR8v!dsvq^2f

M.hring, N., Brandt, E. S. L., Mohr, B., Pulvermüller, F., & Neuhaus, A. H. (2014). ERP adaptation provides direct evidence for early mirror neuron activation in the inferior parietal lobule. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 94, 76.83. 心理学空间 Y g/wZvH
uAj

Molenberghs, P., Cunnington, R., & Mattingley, J. B. (2012). Brain regions with mirror properties: A meta-analysis of 125 human fMRI studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 341.349.

Mukamel, R., Ekstrom, A. D., Kaplan, J., Iacoboni, M., & Fried, I. (2010). Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions. Current Biology, 20, 750.756. 心理学空间a0]1SQ'eE~

y9|4SN(f t0|7[
H0Oberman, L., & Ramachandran, V. (2007). The simulating social mind: The role of the mirror neuron system and simulation in the social and communicative deficits of autism 心理学空间p[K Jg8D+\

spectrum disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 310-327. 心理学空间5jP o"e.Jn

Olds, J. (1956). Pleasure centers in the brain. In Scientific American offprints (pp. 105.116). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. 心理学空间#q0d'V'Rk,Q$O

Oztop, E., Kawato, M., & Arbib, A. A. (2013). Mirror neurons: Functions, mechanisms and models. Neuroscience Letters, 540, 43–55. 心理学空间1xvLa_tE Z

Pitts-Taylor, V. (2013). I feel your pain: Embodied knowledges and situated neurons. Hypatia, 28(4), 852.869. 心理学空间k,Zj)cQV

Ramachandran, V. S. (2000) Mirror neurons and imitation learning as the driving force behind “the great leap forward” in human evolution. Edge 69. Available Online at: http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/ramachandran/ramachand ran_index.html

Rizzolatti, G., & Fogassi, L. (2014). The mirror mechanism: Recent findings and perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 369, 20130420.

3Y7V4v7@Y s;P8G/w0Rizzolatti, G. (2014). Confounding the origin and function of mirror neurons. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(2), 218.219.

.xO1^N0jJ"I'a*|0Routtenberg, A. (1978). The reward system of the brain. Scientific American, 239, 154.164.

Sacheli, L. M., Candidi, M., Pavone, E. F., Tidoni, E., & Aglioti,

A$U4Y
}P;s0S. M. (2012). And yet they act together: Interpersonal perception modulates visuo-motor interference and mutual adjustments during a joint-grasping task. PLoS One, 7, e50223. 心理学空间+B
Gnq Hp

Schermer, V. L. (2010). Mirror neurons: Their implications for group psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 60(4), 486.513.

0vwyAc9_0Singer, T., Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 303, 1157.1162. 心理学空间+p V5v*bt R

[^k*I8Ch`0Slane, M. M., Lusk, L. G., Boomer, K. B., Hare, A. E., King,

i;iB;\sUn0M. K., & Evans, D. W. (2014). Social cognition, face processing, and oxytocin receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms in typically developing children. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 160.171.

k,l|1utE(iD0Sommerville, J. A., & Woodward, A. L. (2005). Pulling out the intentional structure of action: The relation between action processing and action production in infancy. Cognition, 95, 1.30. 心理学空间@o.Ft-h#^

Southgate, V., Johnson, M. H., El Karoui, I., & Csibra, G. (2010). Motor system activation reveals infants’ on-line prediction of others’ goals. Psychological Science, 21, 355.359.

Spaulding, S. (2013). Mirror  and social cognition. Mind & Language, 28(2), 233.257. neuronsStandish, P. (2013). The vocabulary of acts: Neuroscience, Phenomenology, and the mirror neuron. In P. Smeyers & M. Depaepe (Eds.), Educational research: The attraction of psychology (pp. 105.118). Netherlands: Springer. Strzelecka, J. (2014). Electroencephalographic studies in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8, 317–323. Su, D. Q., Zhong, Y., Zeng, H., & Ye, H. S. (2013). Embodied semantic processing of Chinese action idioms: Evidence from fMRI study. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 45(11), 1187.1199. [苏得权, 钟元, 曾红, 叶浩生 . (2013).汉语动作成语语义理解激活脑区及其具身效应 : 来自 fMRI的证据 . 心理学报, 45(11), 1187.1199.] Thioux, M., & Keysers, C. (2015). Object visibility alters the relative contribution of ventral visual stream and mirror 心理学空间m}%GKpWkV

5c+e+t.P6I&iz/[G'_0心理学空间_"X ~8]7H P

neuron system to goal anticipation during action observation. NeuroImage, 105, 380.394. 心理学空间G K(lUMH

Trapp, K., Spengler, S., Wüstenberg, T., Wiers, C. E., Busch,

N. A., & Bermpohl, F. (2014). Imagining triadic interactions simultaneously activates mirror and mentalizing systems. NeuroImage, 98, 314–323. 心理学空间b[:s3G3C&Yd g

B/l1Q:q&r(W0Umiltà, M. A., Escola, L., Intskirveli, I., Grammont, F., Rochat, M., Caruana, F., … Rizzolatti, G. (2008). When pliers become fingers in the monkey motor system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 2209.2213.

Umiltà, M. A., Kohler, E., Gallese, V., Fogassi, L., Fadiga, L., Keyzers, C., & Tizzolatti, G. (2001). I know what you are doing: A neurophysiological study. Neuron, 31, 155.165.

mwY8?~xD?0Waytz, A., & Mitchell, J. P. (2011). Two mechanisms for simulating other minds: Dissociations between mirroring and self-projection. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(3), 197.200. 心理学空间EP~F'E0~4Kp

Dz,[\1['|Z0Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J. P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655.664.

*U1N1Te$At \M0P0Woodward, A. L., & Gerson, S. (2014). Mirroring and the development of action understanding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 369, 20130181. 心理学空间n~+w Sr.K
U \-b

Ye, H., & Zeng, H. (2013). The discovery of mirror neurons and the transcendence over mind-body dualism. Journal of Psychological Science, 36(5), 1230.1236.

[叶浩生 , 曾红. (2013). 镜像神经元的发现及其对身心二元论的超越. 心理科学, 36(5), 1230.1236.]

:BdZ)\,S)C}#i j0心理学空间5EH/St+[9p)M

Q@?4et,FxR[x0The significances of mirror neurons 心理学空间b3Y3u5xrb(w

YE Haosheng 心理学空间d f3|R4Dw5aS_

)]4t kz"?%c0(The Center for Mind and Brain Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China) 心理学空间'{h/rX\B#M

f&QEK&ibt/E+F0心理学空间W+JT_1X2w['b

Abstract 心理学空间1|4`^8\zk&o.Y

Mirror neurons are a class of sensorimotor neurons in the monkey premotor and parietal cortices. These neurons have both motor and visual properties: they discharge not only when a monkey performs a goal-directed action, but also when the monkey passively observes a same or similar action performed by another agent. Because the observed action seems to be “reflected”, like in a mirror, these neurons are called mirror neurons. Over the years, due to the restriction of research ethics, the techniques of single-cell electrodes-implanted can not be used in human brain research. Therefore, it was not certain that whether or not there are also mirror neurons in human brain. However, through the studies of brain image such as TMS, PET, EEG, MEG and FMRI, it is now certain that there are some brain areas which have same or similar functions as mirror neurons. These brain areas are called mirror neuron system. In this article, the significances of mirror neurons and human mirror neuron systems are discussed in depth. It states that: (1) Just because of the mirror mechanism that can match action observation with action execution, the observer’s neural network involved in action execution will be activated by just seeing others’ actions. Mirror neuron systems project the perceived actions back onto one’s own motor representation of similar actions, the individual will automatically and unconsciously perform a dynamic simulation of the observed action in one’s own motor system. This simulation, in turn, allows the individual to create directly an embodied understanding of the observed person’s thoughts, feelings and intention of behavior.

+JA(W,TT j;zh0(2) The fact that mirror neurons fire both in action execution and in action observation shows that The mind and body are not two kinds of substance, but an integrated one. Our body's physical and physiological processes and our mental processes, in the essence, are different respects of the same activity of adaptation. They are one activity instead of two. it seems that mirror neurons bridge the gap between mind and body. It opens a new vision for reconsidering the mind-body relationship and provide a strong neurophysiological support for the unity of mind and body. (3) Mirror neurons unify action perception and action execution, enable us not only to understand the intentions and actions of others, but to build social networks, allowing us to feel another’s emotions such as joys and pains as our own. By means of the shared neural underpinnings, others’ intention, feelings and emotions become our own. Thus, mirror neurons act as a “neural bridge” between different individuals in social communication. Key words mirror neurons; mirror neuron systems; mirror mechanisms; embodied simulation; embodiment of cognition

心理学空间+_hT#K"t,x(X1tG_[

_"BNxuv\ BUB%N0

LHX.~k.]1wF"t0

g z$^RH)zS2H0

心理学空间,wfW.s'pv| T