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PART I ATTRIBUTION AT THE PERSONAL LEVEL
1 Is It Real?
Philip Brickman
Errors in Attributing Reality 6
Internal and External Correspondence 10
Individual and Situational Differences in the Attribution
of Reality 17
Phenomenological and Inferential Validity 21
Games and Experiments for Social Psychology 27
2 Rethinking the Role of Thought in Social Interaction
Ellen J. Langer
Historical Background 36
Indirect Research Support for the Nonthinking Hypothesis 41
Direct Research Support for the Nonthinking Hypothesis 46
Conclusions 50
An Experimental Postscript 53
3 Affective Consequences of Causal Ascriptions
Bernard Weiner, Dan Russell, David Lerman
An Attributional Model of Achievement Strivings 59
Attribution and Affective Intensity 64
The Problem 66
A Research Investigation 67
Results and Discussion 71
Emotions 83
Summary 88
4 Attributional Egotism
Melvin L. Snyder, Walter G. Stephan, David Rosenfield
Introduction 91
Evidence for Egotism 99
Theoretical Perspectives on Egotism 108
Summary 113
5 Attributional Styles
William Ickes and Mary Anne Layden
An Empirical Puzzle 121
Personal Characteristics, Attribution, and Performance:
More Pieces of the Puzzle 126
Attributional Style, Self-Esteem, Sex, and Depression 143
Summary 147
PART II ATTRIBUTION AT THE INTERPERSONAL LEVEL
6 Attributions and Learned Helplessness
Carol S. Dweck and Therese E. Goetz
Attributions, Helplessness, and Response to Failure 158
The Development of Helplessness 163
The Generalization of Helplessness 169
Helplessness and Social Interactions 173
Helplessness and the Occurrence of Attributions 175
7 Attribution, Socialization, and Moral Decision Making
Richard A. Dienstbier
Defining Moral Situations 182
Emotional Arousal and Moral Behavior 187
Emotional Attribution and Moral Behavior 187
Research Summary and General Theoretical Issues 197
Socialization 199
Conclusions 204
8 Attributional Aspects of Interpersonal Attraction
Dennis T. Regan
Effects of Attributions About Another's Behavior
on Attraction 212
Effects of Self-Attributions on Attraction 218
Effects of Liking for Another on Attributions for
His or Her Behavior 226
Concluding Remarks 229
9 Attribution in the Context of Conflict and Separation
in Close Relationships
John H. Harvey, Gary L. Wells, Marlene D. Alvarez
A Review of Social Psychological Work on Conflict
and Separation 236
Studies of Attributions in Situations Involving Conflict
and Separation 241
Attributional Significance of Data 256
The Importance of Sex Differences 257
Conclusion 258
10 Attributional Strategies of Social Influence
Avi Gottlieb and William Ickes
Attribution and Influence: Past Integration Attempts 265
Attributional Strategies of Social Influence: A Model 271
Influence--A Postscript 291
PART III THEORETICAL INTEGRATION
11 Attribution Theory as a Special Case of Lay Epistemology
Arie W. Kruglanski, Irit Z. Hamel, Shirley A. Maides,
Joseph M. Schwartz
Introduction 299
A Theory of Lay Epistemology: On the Content, Logic, and
Course of Naive Inquiry 302
Content and Logic in the ANOVA Cube 311
Empirical Evidence for the Present Theory 314
Conclusion 329
12 Attribution and Misattribution of Excitatory Reactions
Dolf Zillmann
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion and Attributional Process 335
Alternative Approaches to Emotional Behavior 339
Two-Factor Formulations in Behavior Theory 344
Epistemic Search and Attribution in Emotion 346
A Three-Factor Theory of Emotion 354
A Theory of Excitation Transfer 359
Attribution in Excitation Transfer 361
PART IV CURRENT PROBLEMS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
13 A Conversation With Edward E. Jones and Harold H. Kelley
John H. Harvey, William Ickes, Robert F. Kidd
Historical Influences 371
On Attribution as a Cause Versus Attribution as a Property 374
On the Development of Attribution Theory and Research 376
On Attributions and Behavior 377
Attribution and Self-Perception 378
Actor-Observer Differences 379
Applications: Attribution and Self-Presentation 380
Applications: Attributions in Interpersonal Relations 382
The Future of Attribution Research 384
Author Index 389
Subject Index
Edited by
JOHN H. HARVEY
Vanderbilt University
WILLIAM ICKES
University of Wisconsin
ROBERT F. KIDD
Boston University
LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS
1978 Hillsdale, New Jersey
PART I ATTRIBUTION AT THE PERSONAL LEVEL
1 Is It Real?
Philip Brickman
Errors in Attributing Reality 6
Internal and External Correspondence 10
Individual and Situational Differences in the Attribution
of Reality 17
Phenomenological and Inferential Validity 21
Games and Experiments for Social Psychology 27
2 Rethinking the Role of Thought in Social Interaction
Ellen J. Langer
Historical Background 36
Indirect Research Support for the Nonthinking Hypothesis 41
Direct Research Support for the Nonthinking Hypothesis 46
Conclusions 50
An Experimental Postscript 53
3 Affective Consequences of Causal Ascriptions
Bernard Weiner, Dan Russell, David Lerman
An Attributional Model of Achievement Strivings 59
Attribution and Affective Intensity 64
The Problem 66
A Research Investigation 67
Results and Discussion 71
Emotions 83
Summary 88
4 Attributional Egotism
Melvin L. Snyder, Walter G. Stephan, David Rosenfield
Introduction 91
Evidence for Egotism 99
Theoretical Perspectives on Egotism 108
Summary 113
5 Attributional Styles
William Ickes and Mary Anne Layden
An Empirical Puzzle 121
Personal Characteristics, Attribution, and Performance:
More Pieces of the Puzzle 126
Attributional Style, Self-Esteem, Sex, and Depression 143
Summary 147
PART II ATTRIBUTION AT THE INTERPERSONAL LEVEL
6 Attributions and Learned Helplessness
Carol S. Dweck and Therese E. Goetz
Attributions, Helplessness, and Response to Failure 158
The Development of Helplessness 163
The Generalization of Helplessness 169
Helplessness and Social Interactions 173
Helplessness and the Occurrence of Attributions 175
7 Attribution, Socialization, and Moral Decision Making
Richard A. Dienstbier
Defining Moral Situations 182
Emotional Arousal and Moral Behavior 187
Emotional Attribution and Moral Behavior 187
Research Summary and General Theoretical Issues 197
Socialization 199
Conclusions 204
8 Attributional Aspects of Interpersonal Attraction
Dennis T. Regan
Effects of Attributions About Another's Behavior
on Attraction 212
Effects of Self-Attributions on Attraction 218
Effects of Liking for Another on Attributions for
His or Her Behavior 226
Concluding Remarks 229
9 Attribution in the Context of Conflict and Separation
in Close Relationships
John H. Harvey, Gary L. Wells, Marlene D. Alvarez
A Review of Social Psychological Work on Conflict
and Separation 236
Studies of Attributions in Situations Involving Conflict
and Separation 241
Attributional Significance of Data 256
The Importance of Sex Differences 257
Conclusion 258
10 Attributional Strategies of Social Influence
Avi Gottlieb and William Ickes
Attribution and Influence: Past Integration Attempts 265
Attributional Strategies of Social Influence: A Model 271
Influence--A Postscript 291
PART III THEORETICAL INTEGRATION
11 Attribution Theory as a Special Case of Lay Epistemology
Arie W. Kruglanski, Irit Z. Hamel, Shirley A. Maides,
Joseph M. Schwartz
Introduction 299
A Theory of Lay Epistemology: On the Content, Logic, and
Course of Naive Inquiry 302
Content and Logic in the ANOVA Cube 311
Empirical Evidence for the Present Theory 314
Conclusion 329
12 Attribution and Misattribution of Excitatory Reactions
Dolf Zillmann
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion and Attributional Process 335
Alternative Approaches to Emotional Behavior 339
Two-Factor Formulations in Behavior Theory 344
Epistemic Search and Attribution in Emotion 346
A Three-Factor Theory of Emotion 354
A Theory of Excitation Transfer 359
Attribution in Excitation Transfer 361
PART IV CURRENT PROBLEMS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
13 A Conversation With Edward E. Jones and Harold H. Kelley
John H. Harvey, William Ickes, Robert F. Kidd
Historical Influences 371
On Attribution as a Cause Versus Attribution as a Property 374
On the Development of Attribution Theory and Research 376
On Attributions and Behavior 377
Attribution and Self-Perception 378
Actor-Observer Differences 379
Applications: Attribution and Self-Presentation 380
Applications: Attributions in Interpersonal Relations 382
The Future of Attribution Research 384
Author Index 389
Subject Index
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