杨瑞凤 刘文婷 译
A Theory of Personality Change
Eugene T. Gendlin, Ph.D.
University of Chicago
Chapter four in: Personality Change,
Philip Worchel & Donn Byrne (Eds.), New York: John Wiley & Sons (1964)
I am grateful to Malcolm A. Brown for many helpful and clarifying discussions,
which greatly aided the process of writing this chapter, and to Dr. Sidney M.
Jourard, Marilyn Geist, Dr. William Wharton, Joe T. Hart, David Le Roy, and Ruth
Nielsenn for their valuable comments and editorial help.
尤金 T 簡德林博士
美國芝加哥大學
第四章:人格變化,
Philip Worchel & Donn Byrne(合編) ,紐約: John Wiley & Sons出版( 1964 )
我感謝Malcolm A. Brown許多有益的討論和澄清,這大大有助於本章的寫作過程,也感謝Dr. Sidney M. Jourard, Marilyn
Geist, Dr. William Wharton, Joe T. Hart, David Le Roy, 和 Ruth Nielsenn的寶貴意見和編輯上的幫助。
After a few pages which state two main problems and two observations, a theory
of personality change will be presented. The theory is another step in the
continuing work on "experiencing" (Gendlin, 1957, 1962b; Gendlin and Zimring,
1955). The theory of experiencing provides a frame of reference in which
theoretical considerations are viewed in a new way.
經過幾頁陳述兩個主要問題和兩個觀察,一個關於人格變化的理論將要面世。該理論是對“體驗”的持續研究中邁出的又一步(簡德林, 1957 , 1962b ; 簡德林和Zimring
, 1955)。這個關於體驗的理論,提供了一個以新的方式看待理論思考的參考框架。
A theory requires terms, defined words with which to specify observations, and a
formulation of a chain of theoretical hypotheses. The theory presented here is
developed within this basic structure, and special notice should be given to the
new terms which are introduced and defined. These terms are pointed out and
numbered. (We can have a genuine theory only with carefully defined terms, and
only by using defined terms can we later modify, improve, and extend theory.)
一個理論需要術語,定義來具體說明觀察結果,以及一連串理論假設的建構。這裏提出的理論是在這一基本框架上發展出來的,並應特別注意這裏介紹和界定的新術語。這些術語被命名和編號。
(我們可以有一個只有仔細界定的術語的真正的理論,並且只有通過使用定義的術語,我們可以以後修改,改進和擴展該理論。 )
PROBLEMS AND OBSERVATIONS存在的問題及意見
In most theories, the static content-and-structure aspects of personality are
primary, and therefore personality change is an especially difficult problem.
The present theoretical frame of reference is especially suited to account for
change, since it employs concepts that apply to the experiencing process, and to
the relationships between that process and content aspects of personality.
在大多數理論,人格的穩定的內容-結構面向是首要的,因此人格變化是一個特別困難的問題。本理論的指涉框架,尤其適用於變化,因為它使用的概念,適用於體驗過程,並且適用於這一過程和人格內容面向之間的關係。
Personality Theory and Personality Change人格理論與人格變化
Personality theories have chiefly been concerned with the factors that determine
and explain different individuals' personalities as they are, and the factors
which have brought about the given personality. What is called personality
maintains its character despite circumstances. Aspects of an individual fail to
puzzle us if his current situation explains them. We do not even attribute it to
his personality when an individual shows all sorts of undesirable behavior under
overwhelmingly bad circumstances, or when he becomes likable and secure under
the influence of events which (as we say) would make almost anybody likable and
secure. What we do attribute to personality is the reverse: when an individual
remains likable and secure under overwhelmingly bad circumstances, and when an
individual remains afraid and in pain despite apparent opportunities and good
luck. Thus, it could be said that, far from explaining personality change, our
theories have been endeavoring to explain and define personality as that which
tends not to change when one would expect change.
人格理論主要關注,確定和解釋不同個體的人格的因素,和哪些因素帶來了特定的人格。所謂的人格即不管環境如何,都保持其特質不變。如果環境可以解釋個人的情況,那麼這個部分就不會困擾我們。如果一個人在淹沒性的糟糕環境下表現出各種不良行為,又或者當他處於(比如說)會使幾乎所有人喜歡和安全的事件的影響下,變得令人喜歡和安全,我們甚至不將它歸類為人格。我們歸屬於人格的部分剛好相反:當一個人在淹沒性的糟糕環境下仍然可愛和安全,當一個人仍然感到害怕和痛苦,儘管有明顯的機遇和好運。因此,可以說,我們的理論不只解釋人格改變,而是致力於解釋和界定人格為當人們預期有變化的時候卻不改變的那一部分。
To some extent this view of personality as factors which resist change is
justified. We usually think of a person as involving identity and continuity
through time. However, the contents and patterns in the theories are a type of
explanatory concept which renders change impossible by definition. The structure
of personality (in theories) is formulated in such a way that it is said to
maintain itself against all new experience which might alter it. The individual
is viewed as a structured entity with defined contents. These explanatory
concepts can explain only why an individual cannot change.
在一定程度上這種視人格為抵制變革的因素的觀點是有道理的。我們通常會想到一個人,包括他的身份和一段時間的延續性。然而,理論的內容和模式是一種解釋性的概念,就定義來看變化是不可能的。(理論上)人格的結構是以這樣一種方式制定,就是說,不管任何有可能改變它的新經驗,只保持自己。個體被視為一種結構實體,有著界定的內容。這些解釋性的概念只可以解釋為什麼一個人不能改變。