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Karl Abraham (3 May 1877 - 25 December 1925) was an early German psychoanalyst, and a correspondent of Sigmund Freud, who called him his 'best pupil' [1]. He founded the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute, and was the president of the International Psychoanalytical Association from 1914 to 1918 and again in 1925.
[W5U7?(i\stz+a0卡爾・亞伯拉罕 (1877年5月3日 - 1925年12月25日)是早期德国心理分析家。弗洛伊德的通信员，被Sigmund Freud称为『最佳的學生』 [1]. 他建立了柏林精神分析的學院國際精神分析的協會主席 1914年從1918年1925。心理学空间VK
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H#Z3Yc_s0Karl Abraham collaborated with Freud on the understanding of manic-depressive illness, leading to Freud's paper on 'Mourning and Melancholia' in 1917. He was the analyst of Melanie Klein during 1924-1925, and of a number of other British psychoanalysts, including Edward Glover, James Glover, and Alix Strachey. He was a mentor for an influential group of German analysts, including Karen Horney, Helene Deutsch, and Franz Alexander.心理学空间g5]&GOs'{(i1`
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Karl Abraham studied the role of infant sexuality in character development and mental illness and, like Freud, suggested that if psychosexual development is fixated at some point, mental disorders will likely emerge. He described the personality traits and psychopathology that result from the oral and anal stages of development (1921;1924a). In the oral stage of development, the first relationships children have with objects (caretakers) determine their subsequent relationship to reality. Oral satisfaction can result in self-assurance and optimism, whereas oral fixation can lead to pessimism and depression. Moreover, a person with an oral fixation will present a disinclination to take care of him/herself and will require others to look after him/her This may be expressed through extreme passivity (corresponding to the oral benign suckling substage) or through a highly active oral-sadistic behaviour (corresponding to the later sadistic biting substage) (1924a). In the anal stage, when the training in cleanliness starts too early, conflicts may result between a conscious attitude of obedience and an unconscious desire for resistance. This can lead to traits such as frugality, orderliness and obstinacy, as well as to obsessional neurosis as a result of anal fixation (Abraham,1921) . In addition, Abraham based his understanding of manic-depressive illness on the study of the painter Segantini: an actual event of loss is not itself sufficient to bring the psychological disturbance involved in melancholic depression. This disturbance is linked with disappointing incidents of early childhood; in the case of men always with the mother (Abraham, 1911). This concept of the prooedipal “bad” mother was a new development in contrast to Freud’s oedipal mother and paved the way for the theories of Melanie Klein (May-Tolzmann,1997). Another important contribution is his work “A short study of the Development of the Libido” (1924b), where he elaborated on Freud’s “Mourning and Melancholia” (1917) and demonstrated the vicissitudes of normal and pathological object relations and reactions to object loss. Moreover, Abraham investigated child sexual trauma and, like Freud, proposed that sexual abuse was common among psychotic and neurotic patients. Furthermore, he argued (1907) that dementia praecox is associated with child sexual trauma, based on the relationship between hysteria and child sexual trauma demonstrated by Freud.
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i \r|3Y!zF#\0Abraham (1920) also showed interest in cultural issues. He analyzed various myths suggesting their relation to dreams (1909) and wrote an interpretation of the spiritual activities of the monotheistic Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (1912).心理学空间!^c+`.f
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Y;w]XOZ^5D'a0Selected Papers on Psycho-Analysis, Publisher: Karnac Books; 1997, ISBN 0-9501647-7-1心理学空间x;gY7l e0Y3B

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May, Ulrike (2007), “[Remarks on the Introduction to Karl Abraham's collected works (1969-71)]”, Luzifer-Amor : Zeitschrift zur Geschichte der Psychoanalyse 20 (39): 145-52, 2007, PMID:17992845, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17992845>
B|%kG0l\)B8_!s0Kuhn, P (2000), “A scandal in Salzburg or Freud's surreptitious role in the 1908 Abraham-Jung dispute.”, The International journal of psycho-analysis 81 ( Pt 4): 705-31, 2000 Aug, PMID:11028235, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11028235>
#S DL&o#tv3}.N0Sklarew, B (1999), “Freud and film: encounters in the Weltgeist.”, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 47 (4): 1238-47, 1999, PMID:10650559, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10650559>心理学空间nu8@nQr!r
Machtlinger, V (1997), “[Karl Abraham and Giovanni Segantini]”, Luzifer-Amor : Zeitschrift zur Geschichte der Psychoanalyse 10 (20): 81-97, 1997, PMID:11625348, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11625348>心理学空间7Hu!Xm"|.M
Decke, B (1997), “[Karl Abraham: family, childhood and youth in Bremen]”, Luzifer-Amor : Zeitschrift zur Geschichte der Psychoanalyse 10 (20): 7-60, 1997, PMID:11625347, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11625347>
B\/a+Ar-hy0Cremerius, J (1997), “[Karl Abraham, Freud's scapegoat and, guide to understanding the truth]”, Luzifer-Amor : Zeitschrift zur Geschichte der Psychoanalyse 10 (20): 64-80, 1997, PMID:11625346, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11625346>心理学空间5ES*oMI$Tkj
Good, M I (1995), “Karl Abraham, Sigmund Freud, and the fate of the seduction theory.”, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 43 (4): 1137-67, 1995, PMID:8926328, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8926328>
)xJ%mL6['{0Shengold, L (1972), “A parapraxis of Freud's in relation to Karl Abraham.”, The American imago; a psychoanalytic journal for the arts and sciences 29 (2): 123-59, 1972, PMID:4562662, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4562662>心理学空间.U)FuMpkM+l
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dkX3[6WF;rm#b0Abraham, K.(1907). On the significance of Sexual Trauma in Childhood for the Symptomatology of Dementia Praecox. In Hilda, C.,心理学空间e(}njnRz
Abraham, M.D.(Ed) (1955). Clinical Papers and Essays on Psycho-Analysis. London : The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
0Bw'A ?g4h tT a0Abraham, K.(1909). Dreams and Myths : A study in folk-Psychology. In Hilda, C.,
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]`nJ r0Abraham, M.D.(Ed) (1955). Clinical Papers and Essays on Psycho-Analysis. London : The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis. Abraham, K.(1911). Giovanni Segantini : A Psycho-analytical Study. In Hilda, C.,心理学空间$dm_Z3{y(L"qRh
Abraham, M.D.(Ed) (1955). Clinical Papers and Essays on Psycho-Analysis. London : The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.心理学空间2D7@#C1W#[,oh3O6v B
Abraham, K. (1912). Amenhotep IV. Psycho-analytical Contributions Towards the understanding of his Personality and of the Monotheistic Cult of Aton. . In Hilda, C.,心理学空间5H
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Abraham, M.D.(Ed) (1955). Clinical Papers and Essays on Psycho-Analysis. London : The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.心理学空间{.LS2OyyNzu
Abraham, K. (1920). The Cultural Significance of Psycho-analysis. In Hilda, C.,心理学空间 A]V4uR)FR{ a
Abraham, M.D.(Ed) (1955). Clinical Papers and Essays on Psycho-Analysis. London : The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
"f!ND]"e0Abraham, K (1921). Contributions to the theory of the anal character. In Stein, D.J,
GT0kX-I(C8Lm0Stone, M. H. (Ed) (1997). Essential papers on obsessive-compulsive disorders. New York: New York University Press.心理学空间6];L!VbP3Y
Abraham, K (1924a). The influence of oral erotism on character-formation. In Perzow, S.
u#{y;K^ C B*{i+n0M., Kets de Vries, M.F.R. (Ed) (1991). Handbook of character studies: Psychoanalytic explorat心理学空间eh9Km:b