IPA区际精神分析辞典:AMAE 娇宠
作者: IPA / 14115次阅读 时间: 2017年10月05日
来源: 陈明 译 标签: amae amae AMAE 娇宠 娇宠 土居健郎 土居健郎
www.psychspace.com心理学空间网
AMAE 娇宠
Tri-Regional Entry 精神分析三大洲条目
Inter-Regional Consultants国际区间顾问:
'A#G)Q'~z.d%W"J!n0Takayuki Kinugasa (North America),心理学空间:]7W"SkHY1TdH'j
Elias M. da Rocha Barros (Latin America)
-O@s(|a/O8dsa0and Arne Jemstedt (Europe)
;E;Im7{8k1`F(_0Inter-Regional Coordinating Co-Chair国际区间协调主席: Eva D. Papiasvili (North America)
来源:IPA 网站http://url.cn/5qJSp49
陈明 译
 

I. INTRODUCTORY DEFINITION心理学空间8x?%P vp+w

8uwtjH#^%u/i0S01、介绍性的定义心理学空间/t&n'HNT8Z5p*vsH8^&@

Amae is a Japanese word in common daily usage. It is a noun form of amaeru, a verb. Both derive from an adjective, amai, which means “sweet taste.” Amaeru is a combination of a verb, eru, which means “get” or “obtain” and amai. Thus, the original meaning of amaeru is literally to obtain sweetness. In common usage, amaeru refers to behaving in a childlike, dependent fashion to elicit indulgence, to obtain what is desired: be it affection, physical closeness, emotional or actual support, or granting of a request. It is a behavior of an appeal to be indulged, and presumes a degree of familial or intimate closeness. Typically, an infant or child might engage a maternal figure or caretaker in a sweetly dependent manner to get his/her wishes granted.

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%eh'c/y_8v1m}0娇宠(Amae)【译注:日语 甘え】是日本日常生活中经常使用的一个词汇。娇宠(Amae)是名词,它的动词形式是邀宠(amaeru)【译注:日语是 あまえる】。动词形式和名词形式都来源于其形容词形式甜蜜的(amai)【译注:日语甘い】,意思是“甜蜜的味道”。邀宠(Amaeru)是作为“得到”或“获得”之意的后缀eru加上甜蜜(amai)的动词组合。因此动词邀宠(amaeru)的字面意思是获得甜蜜。在通常的用法中,邀宠(amaeru)指的是孩子般的行为、引诱出放纵的依赖性,以获得其所需之物:无论是亲情、身体上的亲密,情感或确切的支持,还是请求一个准许,娇宠都是恳求放纵的行为,并且假定了一个家庭或亲近亲密的程度。通常而言,娇宠是婴儿儿童可能以一种甜蜜的依赖方式与母亲或监护人建立亲密关系的行为,以获得他/她的愿望。心理学空间~$@#W:YKB'@{?

Amae and amaeru behaviors are seen outside of the familial environment and beyond childhood in Japanese interpersonal interactions. This might occur in close personal friendships, the intimacy of a couple relationship, the extended family, or within cohesive small groups such as classmates or teammates. It is also seen in relationships where power or status differentials exist such as teacher/student, boss/subordinate, or senior/junior colleagues. Depending on the interpersonal circumstances, the amae phenomenon is widely accepted as a signifier of the strength and soundness of a relationship on the one hand, but on the other hand, it can be perceived negatively as an indication of the person’s immaturity, self-indulgence, sense of entitlement, or lack of social awareness and common sense.心理学空间@|-qU3q#swk0~

0n cW z g0|8b:bL0在日本人的人际交往中,娇宠和邀宠行为在家庭环境之外和童年之后都可以看到。这可能会出现在亲密的个人友谊之间、亲密的夫妻关系之间、大家庭之中、或者发生在如同学或队友这种有粘附性的小团体之中。在权力或地位差异的关系中也可以看到这种现象,如教师/学生,老板/下属,或资深/初级同事之间。根据不同的人际环境,娇宠的现象一方面作为关系强弱的能指被广泛接受,但另一方面,它可以视为一个人不成熟的、自我放纵的,权利感的,或者缺乏社会意识和常识的负面指征。心理学空间,b Lg6X#ce N R-N!l

In the North American Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, Salman Akhtar (2009) defines Amae as a “Japanese term, which denotes an intermittent, recurring, culturally patterned interaction, in which the ordinary rules of propriety and formality are suspended, allowing people to receive and give affectionate ego support to each other” (p. 12). This definition builds on Takeo Doi’s (1971/73) definition of the term, which is further expanded on within the ego psychological terminology by Daniel Freeman (1998), to be an “interactive mutual regression in the service of the ego, which gratifies and serves the progressive intrapsychic growth and development of both participants” (Freeman, 1998, p.47). The editors of the Japanese Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (Okonogi, K, Kitayama, O, Ushijima, S, Kano, R, Kinugasa et al., 2002) also build on Doi’s definition and point to the complexities of preverbally rooted emotional dependence contained in the dynamic underpinnings of amae.心理学空间m ^"X~L(o

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在北美精神分析综合字典中,Salman Akhtar(2009)将娇宠定义为“日本术语,指的是一种间歇性的,一再发生的、文化方面的模式互动,在这种模式之中,悬空了一般性的礼仪礼节规则,允许人们彼此接受和给予对自我的深情支持”(p.12)。这个定义是建立在土居健郎(Takeo Doi)(1971/73)对这一术语定义之上,土居健郎对自我心理术语的定义进一步被Daniel Freeman(1998)进一步扩展为“在服务于自我之时的彼此互动退行,以满足和服务于参与双方心灵内部的不断成长和发展”(Freeman,1998,p.47)。日本精神分析词典的编辑们(Okonogi, K, Kitayama, O, Ushijima, S, Kano, R, Kinugasa et al., 2002)对这一术语的定义也建立在土居健郎的定义之上,并指出了在娇宠的动态基础之中所涵容的、根深蒂固的情绪依赖的复杂性。

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No known dictionary or glossary in any of the IPA languages in Europe and Latin America carry amae and the term has remained largely unknown until now to the wider psychoanalytic public. This entry builds and expands on all the above.心理学空间G$a p&O{+d

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在任何欧洲与拉丁美洲语言的IPA字典或词汇中都没有娇宠这个条目,同时,到目前为之,这个词很大程度上仍旧不被更广泛的精神分析公众所知。本条目建立并扩展了以上的情况。

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II. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT心理学空间#m.e^J_*z(drw$X/@#mm

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2、概念的发展心理学空间,X6}!Q0pkn.j)p w w

As a psychological phenomenon, the concept of amae was introduced and emphasized by Takeo Doi in his 1971 publication “The Anatomy of Dependence,” which was translated in 1973 for Western audiences. He described a variety of amae behaviors in Japanese social and clinical interactions, and advanced the idea of the essential importance of the concept of amae in understanding Japanese psychology. He translated amae as ‘dependence or emotional dependence’ (1973) and defined amaeru to mean, ‘to depend and presume upon another’s benevolence’ (1973). He considers it to indicate ‘helplessness and the desire to be loved’ and the expression of the ‘need to be loved,’ and sees it as equivalent to dependency needs. He sees its prototype in the psychology of the infant in relationship to the mother, not a newborn infant, but the infant who has already realized that its mother exists independently of itself (Doi, 1973). In his later publication, Doi (1989) extends the dynamic formulation of amae:心理学空间~ O['x)Y/j&Y)k9y

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土居健朗在他1971出版的《甘えの構造 Amae no kōzō》【译注:英文版为The Anatomy of Dependence,中文第二版为《日本人的心理结构》】中介绍并强调了作为一种心理现象的娇宠概念,这本书在1973年翻译给了西方读者。他描述了日本社会和临床互动中的各种各样的娇宠,以及娇宠的概念在理解日本人心理的重要先进思想。他将娇宠(amae)翻译为“依赖或情绪的依赖”(1973)。并将邀宠(amaeru)定义为,“依赖和指望别人的善行(benevolence)”(1973)。他认为这种行为显示了“在无助感之中的依赖需求”并表达了“被爱之需求”的治疗需求,并认为,该行为等同于依赖的需要。他认为,这个存在yu于婴儿与母亲关系中的心理原型,并不是新生儿,而是已经意识到母亲独立于自己存在的一个婴儿(Doi,1973)。土居在后来的出版物(1989)中拓展了娇宠的动力学模型:心理学空间L%R7S\_[Y

“Another important thing about the concept of amae is that though it primarily indicates a content state of mind when one's need for love is reciprocated by another's love, it may also refer to that very need for love because one cannot always count on another's love, much as one would wish to do so. Hence it follows that the state of frustration in amae, the various phases of which can be described by a number of Japanese words, may also be referred to amae and in fact it often is so called, since obviously amae is more keenly felt as a desire in frustration than in fulfillment. It is related to this usage that we can talk of two kinds of amae, a primitive one which is sure of a willing recipient and a convoluted one which is not sure if there is such a recipient. The former kind is childlike, innocent and restful: the latter is childish, willful and demanding: to put it simply, good and bad amae, so to speak…” (Doi, 1989, p. 349).心理学空间^&Nr^/t'V$eg

X'V5c d m9~c sZ;J0“娇宠概念的另一个重要方面是,虽然它主要是指当一个爱的需求来自于他人之爱的回报时的心智状态的内容,但是它所指的也可能是非常地需要爱,因为一个人不可能总是指望着别人的爱,尽管人们希望这样去做。因此,娇宠之后随之而来的是挫折的状态,一些日本文字可以描述娇宠的各个阶段,同时也提及了娇宠,并且,经常就是这么讲的,因为很明显,娇宠是一种更深切的感受,在实施的过程中感受到了挫折中的欲求。我们可以谈一谈与之相关的娇宠两种用法,最原始的娇宠是确信(有着一位)愿意的接受者,复杂的娇宠是不确定是否已有一个如此的接受者。前一种娇宠是天真的、无辜的、闲适的:后者是幼稚、任性的和苛求的:简单地说,就是所谓…好的娇宠和坏的娇宠。”(Doi,1989,p.349)。心理学空间7W'A&j{EJe

Doi’s assertion that amae, i.e. emotional dependency, distinguishes Japanese psychology in essential and unique ways was met by both enthusiastic acceptance and skeptical criticism. It spawned debates such as: In what specific way should Japanese psychology be seen? Does Doi propose that the Japanese character is essentially dependent? How does the concept of amae relate to existing psychological and psychoanalytic theories and practices? How does amae relate to the understanding of universal human development? How does the concept of amae contribute to specific new developments in the theory and practice of psychoanalytic understanding?

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m?X'O6h'\&l0~/N0土居健朗声称,娇宠,即情感依赖,通过所遭遇到的热情接纳和怀疑批判区分了日本心理学本质的和独特的方式。这一声称催生了大量的辩论,例如:应该以什么样的具体方式让日本心理学看见?土居健朗是否认为日本人的性格本质上是依赖的?娇宠的概念与现有心理学或心理动力学理论与实践之间是如何相关联的?娇宠与理解普遍的人类发展的关系是怎样的?娇宠的概念是如何为理解特定的心理动力学的理论与实践的新发展作出贡献?

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III. SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES心理学空间hW)~{t's+T8Qb_

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3、社会文化的观点

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Erik Erikson (1950) described how varied and specific societal and cultural influences result in different modes of adaptation during the process of human psychological growth and development. He expanded on Freud’s biologically based psychosexual developmental stages to include psychosocial stages of human development beyond oedipal resolution, extending them over the life cycle. Doi’s concept of amae and its significance in understanding the specific nature of Japanese psychology can also be appraised in this context.

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c!rA9d` [0Erik Erikson(1950)描述了各种不同的特殊社会与文化如何在人类心理成长和发展过程中对不同适应模式产生了影响。他扩展了弗洛伊德基于生物学的心理发展阶段,超越了人类发展的心理社会阶段,并将其延伸到生命周期之中,同时也包括了俄狄浦斯阶段的消除。土居健朗的娇宠概念,及其理解日本心理学之特殊性的意义也可以在这样的情景中评估。

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Many social scientists and cross-cultural observers have noted the particularity of Japanese society and Japanese psychological adaptations. Doi’s concept of amae adds another dimension to this discourse. A few important characteristics noted as specific to Japanese society and culture include:心理学空间H-X2~j&^a"l l6M

W CC w/X0许多社会科学家和跨文化观察者注意到日本社会和日本人心理适应的特殊性。土居健朗的娇宠概念在这一论述中增加了另一个维度。包括日本社会和文化在内的一些重要特征包括:

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  1. Hierarchically organized social relationships;

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  2. Group orientation over individual distinction;

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  3. Separation of private and public, inner and outside relationships in thoughts, feelings and conduct;

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  4. Emphasis on shame (generated by outside judgment) and guilt (expression of internal judgment);心理学空间.S+Ee Q|'f

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  5. Avoidance of conflict and the value of harmony;心理学空间4v0[o|3JH{0f6AJEd

    *Te-Mn(S2RL/\ i0避免冲突以及和谐的价值观;

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  6. Indulgent, responsive and permissive parental style during infancy and early childhood, followed by increasingly stringent social role assignment and behavioral control in later years.

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    H)U2ZR2k2]1{8{Y0父母在婴幼儿期纵容的、反应灵敏的和放任的教养方式,在以后的岁月里随之而来的是越来越严格的社会角色委派和行为控制。心理学空间jEODy4@.Hx

Widely recognized and keenly observed by cultural anthropologists such as Ruth Benedict (1946) and the historian Edwin O. Reischauer (1977), and articulated further by Chie Nakane, the best-known Japanese anthropologist outside Japan (1970), the vertical hierarchical nature of most Japanese relationships is omnipresent. Related to and intertwined with it, the characteristics cited above are the cultural and psychological echo of four centuries of a feudal system of rigid political and socio-economic class stratification. Modernization with the influence of the West started in the late 19th Century and accelerated after World War II with the new democratic government institutions and many societal changes in political, economic and technological public life. However, traditional cultural values and characteristics endure in contemporary Japanese life as psychological undercurrents. Reischauer (1977) notes the Japanese adaptive capacity for change and recognizes much human commonality between the East and the West. Dean C. Barnlund (1975), in his comparative cultural analysis of U.S. and Japanese adhesiveness of core cultural values transmitted as normative in a society, refers to amae as a representative of the “cultural unconscious.”

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文化人类学家鲁思·本尼迪克特(Ruth Benedict)和历史学家埃德温·赖肖尔(Edwin O. Reischauer)(1977)(对日本社会)的广泛认可和敏锐观察,以及著名的日本人类学家中根千枝(1970)进一步阐明了日本无所不在的纵向社会人际关系。这些都相互关联交织在一起,上述特征与四个世纪以来僵化的政治和社会经济阶层分层的封建制度在文化和心理上的相互交映,并与之交织在一起。西方影响下的现代化始于十九世纪末,二战之后,加速了新的民主政府机构以及许多政治、经济和技术公共生活的变革。然而,传统文化的价值和忍者的特质是当代日本人生活的心理潜流。赖肖尔(1977)记录了日本人在改变和承认东西方人类共性中的适应能力。Dean C. Barnlund(1975),在对美国和日本的文化的比较分析中指出,在社会的规范传播中,粘附着核心文化价值的娇宠是“文化无意识”的典型代表。心理学空间_ c&X%dq%Xa2os+\So

Crucial in understanding amae from this perspective is the child-rearing practice that provides constant physical closeness, indulgence, responsiveness, keenly empathetic maternal care, and the availability of other caregivers around the child. Because of the limited space of island life, the propinquity of other people and the necessity to live side by side is a condition of life in Japan. Not only the extended family, but also neighbors and the surrounding community are introduced to a child very early on. Any adult in the vicinity is called oji-san, uncle, or oba-san, aunt, and older children are referred to onei-san, elder sister, or onii-san, elder brother. They constitute potential caregivers in a child’s life, promoting a sense of safety in belonging to the group. Alan Roland (1991) strongly contrasted the concept of the “familial self” predominant in the Japanese psyche, which is rooted in the subtle emotional hierarchical relationships of the family and group, with the Western “individualized self.” Reischauer (1977) observes that the Japanese are not quite as attached to the family as such but more to surrounding groups. This might suggest a “group self” in the sense that a child very early on identifies and internalizes his place in a group.心理学空间H)J5z'g va*IP

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从这个角度来看,理解娇宠的关键的在于抚养孩子的做法,这些做法包括,始终如一的身体上的亲密、溺爱、灵敏的回应,敏锐善解人意的母爱,以及孩子周围其他照顾者的可用性。由于单独生活空间的有限性,日本人的生活状态是:与其他亲近在一起并且必须肩并肩地一起生活。很早就向孩子介绍的,不仅是大家庭的成员,而且包括邻居以及周围社区的情况。邻近的成年人被称为叔叔(oji-san),阿姨(oba-san),年龄较大的儿童被称为姐姐(onei-san),或者哥哥(onii-san)。他们构成了孩子生活中潜在的照顾者,促进了归属于团体的安全感。Alan Roland(1991)强有力地对比了西方的“个体自我”的与“家庭自我”的概念,在日本精神中占主导地位的后者,植根于家庭和集团中的微妙情感层次关系之中的。Reischauer(1977)指出,日本人不是那么的粘附于家庭,而更多的粘附于周遭的团体。这可能意味着,在某种意义上,一个孩子很早就确定了一个“团体自我”,并内化了他在团体中的位置。

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Illustrative of this dynamic is a Japanese traditional ritual celebration called Hichi- Go-San. Children of the ages 2 to 3, 4 to 5, and 6 to 7 are celebrated in traditional costumes and taken to the local shrine in the local community. They are given sweets and toys as gifts in a collective celebration of a passage of childhood.

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日本传统的“七五三节”说明了这种动力。2至3岁、4至5岁、6至7岁的儿童衣着传统服装参见庆典,并被带到当地社区的当地神社。他们送给孩子们糖果和玩具,以作为在童年时光的集体庆祝中的一个礼物。

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IV.PSYCHOANALYTIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE CONCEPT AMAE心理学空间]:N C4}3?1X8a2u B

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4、娇宠概念与精神分析概念的联系

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As noted earlier, while in many ways accurate and insightful in demonstrating the particular phenomenon of amae in Japanese people and clinical interactions, Doi’s first definition of the concept of amae (1973) as a “dependency need in helplessness” and “desire to be loved” triggered a number of theoretical and clinical debates. Developmentally, amae precedes a child’s acquisition of language. For example, the Japanese say of an infant who actively expresses his/her desires for mother: “This child is already so emotionally dependent (amaeru)”. When the infant continues to experience the desire for his mother’s presence, this emotional configuration becomes positioned at the core of his/her emotional life consciously and unconsciously. This can be compared to what Freud stated about the concept of “sexuality,” exclusive to psychoanalysis. “We use the word sexualität [‘sexuality’] in the same comprehensive sense as that in which the German language uses the word lieben [‘to love’]” (Freud, 1910). In this sense, the Japanese think of the Oedipus complex where love and sex are intertwined even though there are no words that correspond to lieben or love in the Japanese language. Analogically, it can be understood that “amae” has formed the main stream of emotional life throughout our lives before the Oedipus complex, even in a world outside of Japan, where the word “amae” does not yet exist. While amae is a verbal concept like love, however, unlike love, it is characterized by the fact that it does not contain “sexuality” by itself. Additionally, there are indications that the elements of amae are contained in various psychic states underlined by ambivalence. If that is the case, it may be useful to compare amae to various known psychoanalytic concepts.

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8r e8W+z8} f b0正如前面提到的,尽管土居健郎在许多方面准确而精辟地论证了在日本人和临床交互中娇宠的特殊现象,但是,当土居健郎(1973)将娇宠定义为“在无助感之中的依赖需求”和“渴望被爱”之时,便引发的一系列的理论与临床争论。从心理发展上看,娇宠先于于儿童语言的习得。例如,日本人就婴儿们积极地向母亲表达自己愿望时是这么讲的:“这个孩子早就如此情绪化地依赖(邀宠)了”。当婴儿继续体验母亲在场的渴望时,这种情感结构会有意无意地处于他/她的情绪生活的核心。这可以比作佛洛伊德所说的“性欲”的概念,仅限于精神分析学。“如同在德语中使用词语lieben(‘爱’)一样,在综合的意义上,我们使用sexualität(‘性欲’)这个词,”(佛洛伊德,1910)。在这个意义上,即使在日语中没有相对应的love或lieben的词语,日本人依旧认为性与爱在俄狄浦斯情结之中是交织在一起的。类似地,可以如此理解,在前俄狄浦斯期,娇宠已经成为了我们情绪生活的主流,即便在日本以外的世界是没有“娇宠”这个词语。然而,当作为动词的邀宠概念如同动词爱一样之时,却又不同于动词爱,它本身并不包含“性”的特征。此外,有迹象表明,娇宠的元素包含在各种矛盾的心理状态之下。如果是这样的话,在娇宠和已知的各种精神分析概念之间进行比较,将会是很有用的。

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Freud stated that there were two currents of love: the affectionate current and the sensual one. “The affectionate current is the older of the two. It springs from the earliest years of childhood; it is formed on the basis of the interests of the self-preservative instinct and is directed to the members of the family and those who look after the child...” (Freud, 1912, p. 180). This corresponds to the self-preservative, instinctual underpinnings of amae. The affectionate current stemming from it was later absorbed into the concept of narcissism (Freud, 1914). Here Freud wrote that although primary narcissism cannot be confirmed by direct observation, it can be gleaned from “the affectionate love of the parents for their child …could be seen as a revival and reproduction of their own narcissism, which they have long since abandoned” (Freud, 1914, pp. 90, 91). While Freud (1930) later abolished his conception of the self-preservative instinct and reached the conclusion that affection was manifestation of Eros (sexual drive) whose original aim is repressed, Doi proposed that amae corresponded to the self-preservative instinct according to Freud’s early theory of instinct and defined amae as instinctually derived dependency need.心理学空间SS]ks%b,uf8h

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佛洛伊德说,有两种爱的倾向:深情之爱与肉欲之爱。“深情之爱是这两种爱的早期形式。它起源于童年的最初岁月,它建立在自我保护本能利益的基础之上,指向家庭成员和照顾孩子的人……”((Freud, 1912, p180)。如果从本能上理解娇宠,那么娇宠的概念与自我保存的概念相一致。后来,由此产生的深情之爱被吸收到自恋的概念中(Freud,1914)。在这里,佛洛伊德写道,尽管原始的自恋无法通过直接观察得到证实,但是它可以收集于“父母对他们孩子的深情爱的之中…可以视其为他们早已抛弃了的,自己自恋的重新上演和复制”(Freud, 1914, pp90, 91)。后来,佛洛伊德(1930)废除了他的自我保存本能概念并得出了以下的结论,情感(affection)是本已被压抑了的爱欲(性欲)的表现。土居健朗提出,根据佛洛伊德早期本能理论,娇宠与自我保存本能一致,并将娇宠定义为源自于本能的依赖需求。心理学空间;T2RF~!QFB` o;y

In addition, Freud (1921) saw identification as the earliest expression of an emotional tie with another person, which is ambivalent from the very first. So defined, Freud’s identification may correspond to amae’s underlying identificatory and ambivalent properties.心理学空间,O6{)?+Su3~6b|

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此外,佛洛伊德(1921)认为,认同是与另一个人的情感联系的最初的表达,这从一开始就是矛盾的。若如此定义,佛洛伊德的认同可能对应于娇宠表面之下的认同体和矛盾特性。

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Elaborating on the concept further within the object relational matrix, Doi (1989, p.350) reiterated that amae is object-relational from the beginning. While it may not quite correspond to Freud’s concept of primary narcissism, it “fits very well with whatever state of mind may be called narcissistic” (ibid, p.350). In this sense, amae’s narcissistic properties underlie “convoluted” amae which expresses itself by being childish, willful and demanding. “In the same vein”, Doi (1989) writes (1989), “a new concept of self-object defined by Kohut as 'those archaic objects cathected with narcissistic libido' (1971, p. 3) will be much easier to comprehend in the light of amae psychology, since 'the narcissistic libido' is none other than convoluted amae” (Doi, 1989, p. 351). In this vein, Japanese analysts see Kohut’s concept of ‘desire for the self-object’ (Kohut, 1971) as nearly equivalent to amae. Also, Balint's observation that “in the final phase of the treatment patients begin to give expression to longforgotten, infantile, instinctual wishes, and to demand their gratification from their environment” (Balint, 1935/1965, p.181) may be relevant, because “the primitive amae will manifest itself only after narcissistic defenses are worked through by analysis” (Doi, 1989; p. 350).心理学空间2zy)xW4O5@]2i(st

*S yJ:|,u pF0土居健朗在客体关系母体之中进一步详尽阐述了这一概念,他(1989,p.350)重申,娇宠一开始就是客体的关系。与此同时,它的确与弗洛伊德的原始自恋的概念不太一致,尽管他很好的合身于(fit)被称为自恋的心智状态”(同上,p.350)。在这个意义上,娇宠的自恋属性位于表达着自身幼稚、任性和苛求的‘复杂的’娇宠之下,“以相同的语调”(1989)土居健朗写道(1989),“科胡特定义了一个新的自体客体,当‘古老的客体与自恋力比多相联系’(1971,p.3)之时,将会更容易领会娇宠心理学的光,因为‘自恋力比多’不是别的,而是复杂的娇宠”(Doi,1989, p.351)。以这样的语调,日本分析家认为,科胡特的“对自体客体的欲望”(Kohut,1971)几乎相当于娇宠。同时,巴林特观察到,“在治疗的最后阶段开始表达很久之前所遗忘的、幼稚的、本能的愿望,并从他们的环境中满足需求”(Balint,1935 / 1965,p.181)可能与之相关,因为“只有当自恋防御被分析修通之时,原始的娇宠才将显现”(Doi,1989; p.350)。

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Building on both Freud and Ferenczi, Balint’s (1935/1965) ideas about ‘passive object love’ and primary love are conceptually closest to “amae.” He reflected that Indo-European languages do not clearly distinguish between the two kinds of object-love, active and passive. While the aim is always primarily passive (to be loved), if there is enough love and acceptance of the child coming from the environment to mitigate frustrations, the child may progress into the active ‘giving love’ in order to receive it (configuration of ‘active object love’). In clinical terms, there is a link between primitive amae and Balint’s term ‘benign regression’ and between convoluted amae and his term ‘malignant regression’.心理学空间k6}9z:KR0n

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巴林特(1935 / 1965)建立在弗洛伊德与费伦齐基础之上的“被动客体之爱”以及原始之爱的概念想法最接近于“娇宠”的概念。巴林特表达了在印欧语言之中,主动的和被动的两种客体爱之间的不明确的区分。与此同时,其根本的目标总是被动的(被爱),如果环境对孩子有足够的爱和接受来缓解挫折的话,那么,孩子可能会为了接受到爱(‘积极的客体爱’结构)而发展成积极的‘给予爱’。在临床术语中,在“原始的娇宠”和巴林特的“良性回归”之间,以及“复杂的娇宠”与巴林特的“恶性退行”之间是有关联的。心理学空间\5B-~mz@4X^

Although Fairbairn (1952) valued the fact of dependence in early development in general, he did not adopt the idea of dependency needs within his object relations system. Klein’s concepts of envy (higami/jaundice) and projective identification (1957) can be seen as a distorted amae, while sharing the same object with it. Many Japanese analysts see Bion (1961) as having ‘predicted’ Doi’s amae, within the context of group dynamics, when he postulated a feeling of security as existing in each of the emotional states associated with the three basic-assumption group fantasies: dependence, fight-flight, and pairing. Likewise, Bion’s concepts of “container” and “contained,” as well as Winnicott’s ‘holding’, Hartmann’s ‘good fit’, and Stern’s ‘inter-affectivity’ reflect underlying conceptual similarity with amae, while reflecting from different perspectives on the infant’s pre-adapted dependency on the parent, clinically relevant for the transference-countertransference intersubjective matrix within the psychoanalytic process.心理学空间;v$Y2A#LZrbc.d

|5E:}$?(p S^hT ]!UH0虽然费尔贝恩(1952)评估了依赖的事实在早期发展中的普遍性,但是在他的客体关系系统中没有采纳依赖需求的概念。克莱因关于嫉羡(日语ひがむこと)和投射性认同(1957) 的概念可以被看作是一个扭曲变形的娇宠,同时与之共享了的客体。当拜昂假设安全的情绪感受存在于与依赖、战斗-逃跑,以及和相对这三种基本假设的团体幻想相关联的每一种情绪状态之中时,许多日本分析家认为,拜昂(1961)在群体动力学的情景脉络中“预示”了土居的娇宠。同样,拜昂的“涵容者”和“被涵容者”的概念,以及温尼科特的“抱持”,哈特曼的“良好的配适(good fit)”概念,以及Stern的“内部的情感作用(inter-affectivity)”。这些概念都反映了与娇宠类似的基本概念,虽然这些概念从不同角度反映了婴儿对父母的预适应依赖(pre-adapted),但是在临床上与精神分析过程中的移情-反移情主体间性母体(matrix)有关。

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V. ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVES

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From a developmental dynamic perspective, it is important to highlight that Doi (1971) sees the origin of amae to lie in the infant’s relationship to its mother, not as a newborn but when it realizes its independent existence and sees the mother as the indispensable source for gratification. This suggests that amae arises in a developmental stage when the differentiation of ego, such as cognition, judgment and identification are already in place and object constancy exists. It implies that Mahler’s (1975) separationindividuation phase of development is in progress, after the symbiotic phase and practicing sub-phase have been successfully negotiated. The mother exists as a separate being and her benevolent indulgent delight in the child has been internalized.心理学空间,x-C7MU P

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从动力性的发展角度来看,重要的是指出,土居认为娇宠的起源,位于婴儿与母亲的关系之中,不像新生儿那样,而是当婴儿意识到他自己的独立存在并认为母亲是其满意或不可或缺的来源之时。这表明,娇宠出现在自我分化的发展阶段,例如认知、判断和认同已经就位,同时客体恒常性业已存在。它暗示,正在进行着马勒的发展概念的分离个体化,在象征化阶段之后,成功的越过了实践的子阶段。母亲作为一个独立的存在而存在,她通过善意纵容孩子,并以此为乐的喜悦已经内化。

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If this is the case, the psychic structure of superego, too, is in the process of emerging. Prevailing Japanese child-rearing practices seem to support this view. Abundant maternal attention with non-verbal empathic responsiveness and physical as well as emotional closeness all are available for satisfactory passage through the symbiotic phase and separation-individuation phase of the child’s development. Advances in infant research (Stern, 1985) as well as Self Psychology, in recent years, endorse this parental approach to promote growth leading to the secure sense of self.

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5R Lw9z/gr0N0如果是这样的话,超我的心理结构也正在这一阶段浮现。流行的日本育儿做法似乎支持了这一观点。大量母亲般的关注与非言语共情响应,以及身体与情绪的亲密关系,都可以令人满意地穿透儿童发展的共生阶段和分离个人化阶段。近些年来,婴幼儿的研究进展(Stern,1985)以及自我心理学都支持了父母的这种做法,这些做法促进了导致自我安全感的成长。

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In Gertrude and Rubin Blanck’s (1994) schematic summary of development we might see amae as arising in the process of neutralization of the aggressive drive while it serves separation-individuation in active progress. Beginning with toilet training and the capacity to control bodily functions and phallically assertive individual expressions, a moderation of aggressive drive by superego development will ensue. Contrary to this typical Western scenario, Reischauer (1977) observes that toilet training and behavioral discipline of Japanese children are carried out with continued constant gentle attention and care by examples, encouragement and reminders. These methods promote the child’s identification with caregivers in moderating aggressive drive and renouncing individual needs in favor of adapting to external expectations, thus arriving by a different path to superego formation. Nonetheless, increasingly complex and frequently restrictive external rules, roles, demands for harmony, obedience, etc., are difficult cultural values to be accommodated to, causing considerable stress on the still fragile individual psyche. Shame by outside judgment and the threat of withdrawal of a loving connection might be utilized to prompt compliance to superego demands in renouncing the child’s individual needs.

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在 Gertrude 和 Rubin Blanck(1994)的发展概述中,我们可能会看到娇宠出现在攻击驱力的中立化过程中,与此同时其在积极进取的过程服务于分离个体化。随着如厕训练开始以及控制身体功能以及敏锐的个人表达能力,通过超我的发展,攻击驱力的自我节制将随之而来。与这种典型的西方场景相反,Reischauer(1977)注意到日本儿童的如厕训练和行为纪律是通过持续不断的温和关注和照顾来实施的。这些方法促进了孩子与护理者的身份认同,调节了攻击性驱力,放弃了个人需求,有利于适应外部期望,从而通过不同的途径触及超我的形成。然而,日益复杂和频繁限制的外部规则、角色、和谐顺从的需求等等,这些难以适应的文化价值观,对相当脆弱的个人精神造成了相当大的压力。对外界的评判的羞耻,以及爱之链接撤回的威胁,可能被用来促进儿童放弃个人需求以符合超我的要求。心理学空间/rU8y&|;i}5A?

In these conflicted negotiations of superego and id demands, regression might take place to the rapprochement stage of development where the child seeks temporary reassurance of symbiotic maternal comfort before again moving forward on an individual, separate path. Both Akhtar (2009) and Freeman (1998) describe the emotional refueling aspect of the function of amae. Freeman’s observation of amae as temporary, intermittent yearning and his emphasis on the reciprocal mutual benefit of the amae interaction support this hypothesis. Extending his observation of the mutuality of the amae interaction, it should also be understood that amae can be initiated by the “dependent” party primarily for the benefit of the other party. For example, the amae recipient might consciously or unconsciously sense an anxious mother’s need to be reassured by the child because the child’s need for separation may be perceived by her as a rejection; amae can also meet the need of an insecure boss to feel power over an ingratiating subordinate, or an aging parent’s need to experience his/her value to a capable grown child. For that matter, sometimes ‘amicable’ amae behavior might camouflage a challenging aggressive demand couched in an appropriately dependent manner, which would correspond to Doi’s (1989) reference to ‘negative/convoluted amae.’

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:Ia-r U4a3D'e2Cvi-`0在这些超我与本我要求的相互冲突的谈判中,退行可能发生在发展的和解阶段,在再次向独立的、单独的路径前推进的这个阶段,儿童寻求临时共生的母性般舒适感的宽慰。Akhtar(2009)和Freeman(1998)描述了娇宠在情绪加工方面的功能。Freeman将娇宠视为临时的,间歇性的思切,他同时强调了娇宠相互影响的互惠互利也支持了这一假设。他扩展了对娇宠交互关系的观察也可以理解为,娇宠的启动主要为了对方的利益。例如,娇宠的接受者可能有意无意地感觉到母亲需要孩子放心的焦虑,因为她可能认为孩子的分离需要是一种摈弃;娇宠也可以通过下属的讨好来让一个不安全的老板的体会到需求的满足,或者年迈的父母需要体验他/她对一个有能力成长的孩子的价值。对于这个问题,有时候,“友好的”娇宠行为可能以适当的依赖方式伪装成了一个具有挑战性的侵略性需求的表达。这与土居(1989)提到的“负性的/复杂的娇宠”相对应。心理学空间U5M7rDyo

While Doi’s original definition of amae (1971, 1973) as “helpless desire to be loved” stresses the aspect of passivity, this passive dimension appears to have its own complexity. Just as Doi (1971, 1973,1989), Balint (1935/1965; 1979) sees amae as a primary biologically underpinned striving/primary need and wish for love, and Bethel and Young-Bruehl (1998) consider Doi’s amae as the expectation to be indulgently loved, which they call cherishment, based instinctually and arising at birth. They, just as Doi before them, propose a reconsideration of the self-preservation ego-instinctual hypothesis, with respect to amae. In view of more recent infant research that indicates greater infant capacity for active engagement, the ‘passive-active’ spectrum, pertaining to amae, may need further study. In the context of amae, this activity observed behaviorally, for instance in the attachment studies of Bowlby (1971), reflects an internal experience, with attachment as its behavioral manifestation (Doi, 1989). We could hypothesize, that psychoanalytically amae presents a layered concept, which depicts an active instinctual/affective striving to receive love passively, to be indulged.

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虽然土居最初将娇宠(1971,1973)定义为“无奈的渴望被爱”时,强调了被动的方面,但是这种被动的维度似乎有着自己的复杂性。正如土居(1971,1993,1989),Balint(1935/1965; 1979)所认为的一样,他们认为娇宠视以生物学基础的努力为主,同时以爱的需要和愿望为主。Bethel和Young-Bruehl(1998)认为土居的娇宠是对溺爱的期望,他们称之为珍惜,基于本能,产生于出生。他们就像在土居之前的做法一样,带着对娇宠的尊敬,提出重新考虑自我保存自我本能的假设。最近的研究表明婴儿有更多的主动参与能力,可能需要进一步研究与娇宠有关的“被动-积极”的光谱。在娇宠的情景之中,观察到的这种活动行为,例如Bowlby(1971)的依恋研究,反映了一种内部的体验,兼带着其依恋的行为表现(Doi,1989)。我们可以假设,精神分析学中的娇宠呈现了一种分层的概念,它描绘了一种积极的本能/情感,努力地接受被动的爱,努力于被娇惯。心理学空间/y-Z0K%DX8z

An alternative to Doi’s defining amae as “desire-drive” (1971) would be to reformulate the definition of amae as a specific form of defense, particularly prevalent in Japanese psychology, though it certainly exists elsewhere, East or West. We might then see amae as the ego’s defensive operation, an “appeal for indulgence-allowance,” mediating demands of the superego and demands of the id, or individual desires wherever they might be located in the life cycle of development. This form of ego defense is perhaps needed for adaptation to a strict society, which demands inflexible superego conformity. The hierarchical relational order and group orientation, with strict observance of rules, of roles, and conduct, where private thoughts and emotions are to be kept secret, and where conflicts are resolved by shame, all seem to be a way to deal with a superego formation that originated in feudal society. In order to function with these rigid or exacting superego demands, amae relies on non-verbal emotional communication and responses with empathy, and for “sweet” understanding for “allowance” - “indulgence” - as a necessary defense against his/her aggressive drive or the anxiety over the potential loss of the object. The Ego’s mediation of amae makes room for a person’s private emotional life and allows some avenues for expression of individual human drives, be they libidinal or aggressive. Amae is rooted in identification with pre-verbal experiences of an indulgent caretaker with the capacity to sense the child’s emotional needs and desires to which she responds with empathy, analogical perhaps to Winnicott’s (1965) concept of ‘primary maternal preoccupation’, characterizing ‘the ordinary devoted mother’. In this context, Winnicott’s differentiation between the environment-mother providing ego-relatedness (holding, tenderness, empathy) and the object-mother towards whom id-impulses/drives are directed, may represent later rendition, from the object relations point of view, of Freud’s early division between affectionate and sensual currents of love.心理学空间y@P odM.N.b

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土居(1971)以“渴望-驱力”这个替代的定义,将娇宠定义为一种特殊的防御形式,这种防御方式尤其普遍存在于在日本人的心理之中,尽管它在别的地方也存在,无论东方还是西方。那么,我们可以将娇宠视为自我的防御操作,即“娇惯-资助的恳请”,调节了超我需求与自我需求,或者是调节了位于生命发展周期的个人的欲望。这种形式的自我防御也许是对严格的社会需要的适应,自我的需求僵持于超我的一致性。这种层级的关系秩序和群体导向带着严格遵守的规则、角色和安排。在这样的情况下,私密的想法和情绪被严守着,冲突被羞耻化解,似乎一起看起来都是为了处理超我的设立,而这个超我来自于封建的社会。为了让这些刚性的或严格的超级要求发挥作用,娇宠依赖于非言语情绪交流和共情的回应,并且将“甜蜜”理解为“资助”——“娇惯”的“甜蜜”,以此作为他/她对攻击性驱力的防御、或者对可能失去客体之焦虑的防御。娇宠的自我调解机制为个人私密的情绪生活创造了空间,并允许通过一些途径来表达人性的驱力,无论是利比多性欲还是攻击性。娇宠根植于前语言体验的认同,这种体验来自于一个放纵的照顾者有能力以她的共情感知回应孩子的情感需求和欲望。也许类似于温尼科特(1965)的“原始母性关注(primary maternal preoccupation)”概念的描述,以“普通奉献的母亲(the ordinary devoted mother)”为特征。在这种背景之下,Winnicott区分了提供者自我-相关性(抱持,温柔,共情)的环境——母亲与自我—冲动驱力所指向的客体——母亲之间的差异,这些差异可能代表了后来的再现,从客体关系的角度来看,是弗洛伊德早期对情感与肉欲之爱之间的区分。

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Amae and amaeru behavioral communications can be marshaled in a variety of defensive operations such as repression, regression and partial regression, undoing, reaction formation, a ‘mutual secret,’ or even as a pathway to sublimation.心理学空间I%Y&PeC8d B:G}

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娇宠和邀宠的行为交流可以被封堵在各种各样的防御性行动之中,如压抑,退行和部分退行,抵消,反向形成,一个“共同的秘密”,甚至通过升华的途径封堵之。

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Within this defense-adaptation formulation, too, the notion of ‘mutuality’ is developmentally, relationally, and transferentially implied in amae: Hartman’s (1958) concept of an infant and mother fitting together, Winnicott’s (1965) idea of the ‘holding environment’, as well as Bion’s (1962) concept of ‘container/contained,’ Kohut’s ‘selfobject’ (1971) and Stern’s (1985) ‘inter-affectivity’ might be applicable. Amae behaviors can be operative throughout the life cycle whenever the individual’s desires and needs are in collision with cultural-superego restrictions.心理学空间pcX J\`

9N B7V;M!W3f0在这种防御适应形式中,“相互依存”也是在娇宠的概念中发展而出的、变形的、转化的概念:哈特曼(1958)关于个婴儿和母亲融合在一起的概念,温尼克特(1965)的“抱持环境”的概念,以及拜昂(1962)的“涵容者/被涵容者”的概念,科胡特的“自体客体”(1971)以及和Stern的(1985)的“情感间”概念也可能适用于娇宠。只要个人的欲望和需求与文化超我的约束相碰撞,娇宠的行为就可以在整个生命周期中起作用。

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VI. CONCLUSION

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6、结语心理学空间;d_tx5P&reXR

It follows from the above that amae behaviors and attitudes cannot be seen just as an expression of simple dependency needs. It is advantageous to see it within complex contextual permutations of both drive/desire as well as defense configuration. This complex view is especially applicable to transference interactions. The appearance of amae in the clinical dyad may indicate the positive transference of increased trust and honesty with the clinician, which could serve the working alliance. Doi (1989) assumes, in fact, that no matter what conscious motive induces the patient to seek psychoanalytic treatment, the underlying unconscious motive is that of amae and that ultimately, in time, this becomes the kernel of the transference. Yet clinicians need to be aware of the hierarchical nature of transference inherent especially in the Japanese clinical situation (or, for that matter, in any psychoanalytic setting), and be sensitive and in tune with non-verbal or indirect communication of both ‘positive’ as well as ‘negative’ amae, if these are conceptualized as primary needs, instinctual strivings, defense processes, or a complex developmental-dynamic configuration of all the above. Similarly, Japanese patients’ group orientation cannot simply be understood as a lack of boundaries or individuation, as it might appear simplistically in Western culture.

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从上述论述可以发现,不能将娇宠的行为和态度看作是简单依赖需求的表达。在驱力/欲望以及防御组合之复杂文本脉络中理解娇宠是有好处的。这种复杂的观点特别适用于移情的相互作用。娇宠在临床二元关系中的表象可能表明了与临床医师增加的信任与真诚之积极移情的指征,这可以服务于工作联盟。土居(1989)假设,实际上,无论什么意识动机诱使了患者寻求精神分析治疗,娇宠潜在的无意识动机,最终迟早会成为移情的核心。然而,临床医生需要意识到移情的层次性,尤其是在日本人临床情况中(或者在任何精神分析环设置中)。并且要敏感并调谐“正向的”和“负面的”娇宠的非语言或间接的沟通。如果这些被概念化为所有de的以上的主要需求、本能的努力,防御过程或复杂的发展动力学构造。同样,日本患者的团体导向不能简单地被理解为缺乏边界或缺乏个性化,因为在西方文化中可能显得会简单。

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Though we owe the discovery of the concept of amae to the specific Japanese context, it can be discerned in varying degrees across cultures. Within a group psychological context, it relates in complex ways to a separate individual’s need to live in, and belong to a given group setting. Developmentally and clinically, while the echoes of early maternal refueling, containing, and holding can be discerned in it, the internal interactive dynamic of amae extends over the entire life span of the individual (Doi, 1989; Freeman, 1998).

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]c&~`1]am@m0我们要对特定日本背景中的娇宠的概念的发现心存感激,它可以在不同的文化上被看到。在一个群体的心理情景之中,它以复杂的方式将单独个体的生活需要相关联,并且归属于给定的群体设置。在发展和临床上,虽然可以从其中辨别出早期母亲般的鼓励、涵容与抱持的共鸣,但是娇宠的内部互动的动力延伸到了个人的整个生命周期之中(Doi,1989; Freeman,1998)。

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Doi’s seminal contribution on amae needs to be appreciated as a regionally specific developmental and clinical Japanese concept with a global reach, enriching theoretical fluency and clinical sensibility across the borders of geography, psychoanalytic culture, and individual conditions.

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土居健朗关于娇宠需求开创性贡献被认为是具有全球影响力的,具有日本临床地域特色的发展概念,丰富了理论的流畅性和临床敏感性,跨越了地理边界,精神分析文化和个人的条件。心理学空间DiY5ff2FYsU

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