三、主动对内疚INITIATIVE 'V. GUILT
There is in every child at every stage a new miracle of vigorousunfolding, which constitutes a new hope and a new responsibilityfor all. Such is the sense and the pervading quality of initiative.The criteria for all these senses and qualities are the same: acrisis, more or less beset with fumbling and fear, is resolved, inthat the child suddenly seems to 'grow together' both in hisperson and in his body. He appears 'more himself', more loving,relaxed and brighter in his judgement, more activated andactivating. He is in free possession of a surplus of energy whichpermits him to forget failures quickly and to approach whatseems desirable (even if it also seems uncertain and evendangerous) with undiminished and more accurate direction.Initiative adds to autonomy the quality of undertaking'. planningand 'attacking' a task for the sake of being active and on themove, where before self-will, more often than not, inspired actsof defiance or, at any rate, protested independence.
每个儿童在每个阶段都会出现充满活力的特性,这也促进了新的希望和新的责任的诞生。这是一种主动性。在某一时刻,孩子们或多或少带着恐惧,内外都“成长”了,并且解决了某种危机。他们看上去“更像他们自己”,更有爱,放松且明智,并且更加充满活力。他们能量过剩,这允许他们很快忘记失败,并靠近那些看起来值得向往的事物(哪怕它看上去同样充满了不确定性和危险性)。主动性在自主性的基础上增加了承担、计划和执行任务的品质,从而显得活跃和“在行动中”。
I know that the very word 'initiative', to many, has anAmerican, and industrial, connotation. Yet, initiative is a necessarypart of every act, and man needs a sense of initiative forwhatever he learns and does, from fruit-gathering to a system ofenterprise.
我知道“主动性”这个词对于很多人来说有着美国化和工业化的内涵。但是,主动性是每一行为的必要组成部分。人们在任何学习和行动——从水果采摘到企业系统运作——中都离不开主动性。
The ambulatory stage and that of infantile genitality add to the inventory of basic social modalities that of 'making', first in the sense of 'being on the make'. There is no simpler, stronger word for it; it suggests pleasure in attack and conquest. In the boy, the emphasis remains on phallic-intrusive modes; in the girl it turns to modes of 'catching' in more aggressive forms of snatching or in the milder form of making oneself attractive and endearing.
婴儿性欲为基本社交形式增加了“做”的含义,而这一含义首先意味着“在做中”。没有更简单有力的单词可以描述它,它隐含着在攻击和征服获得快乐的意思。对于男孩来说,“做”的重点是阴茎侵入模式。对于女孩来说,重点则是以掠夺形式或者以让自己更具魅力和更加惹人喜爱的形式去“俘获”他人的模式。