This paper was presented in a symposium on ‘Countertransference’ held by the Medical Section of the British Psychological Society, London, 1959. The contributions from Freudian and Jungian analysts were published in the British journal of Medical Psychology 33 (9) (1960).
本文在伦敦1959年英国心理学会医学部举办的“反移情”研讨会中公布。来自弗洛伊德学派和荣格学派的分析师为这篇文章做出了贡献,本文发表在英国医学心理学期刊33 (9) (1960).
I gladly accepted the invitation to partake in this symposium, and I think that the memory of the earlier occasion on which Dr Fordham and I exchanged views had its positive share in this readiness.
我欣然接受参与这个讲座的邀请,我想,早些时候,Fordham博士与我交换了意见,就这些记忆在此准备积极分享。
In addition, I welcomed the opportunity for thinking again about a problem that so fundamentally enters into our daily work and for revising my earlier paper on countertransference to which Dr Fordham has referred, comparing my views expressed then (Heimann 1950) with my present views and those of other workers. I like to think that my paper did stimulate discussion. A number of papers have appeared afterwards making important contributions.
另外,我欢迎再次思考日常生活中的根本问题,并修改Fordham博士提到的我之前的关于反移情的文章,比较我当时的观点(Heimann 1950)和我现在以及其他人的观点。我想,我的文章促进了讨论。随后出现的一些论文做出了重要的贡献。
My short paper was prompted by a number of observations which led me to pay much attention to counter-transference problems.
很多意见促使了我的短文,让我更多的关注于反移情的问题。
Freud’s recommendations (Freud 1910–19) and particularly his comparing the analyst’s attitude with that of the surgeon, endeavoured to become inhuman. They were so frightened and guilty when emotions towards their patients came up, that they warded them off by repression and various denial techniques, to the detriment of their work. But it was not only that they lost sensitivity in the perception of events in the analytic situation, because they were so preoccupied and in a fight with themselves; they also used defences against the patient, by taking flight into theory or the patient’s remote past, and presenting clever intellectual interpretations. Further, they tended to overlook or omit comments on the positive transference with its attendant sexual fantasies, and to select arbitrarily elements of the negative transference, because they then felt safer in reaching the goal of ‘cool detachedness’. That much of the hostility on which they focused was the patient’s reaction to being rejected and misunderstood, escaped them.
In supervision I could see how many candidates, misunderstanding在督导中我看到很多新人误解了弗洛伊德的劝告(Freud 1910–19),尤其是他用外科手术来比较分析师的态度,竭力变得不人道。当针对病人的感受出现的时候,他们是如此的恐惧和内疚,他们用压抑和各种否认技术避开这些,伤害则他们的工作。但这不仅仅是他们在治疗情景中失去了对事件觉知的敏感性,因为他们太专注,并周旋其中;而且他们还防御病人,通过谈话遁入理论或病人遥远的过去,同时作出巧妙聪明的诠释。进而,他们往往忽略或遗漏了对随之而来的性幻想的正向移情作出评论,以及选择负移情的武断要素,因为他们在达到“冷酷的超然分离”目标的过程中会感觉安全。这更多的是他们的敌对,将注意力集中于病人对的被拒绝、被误解,逃脱他们的反应的敌对。
Often when a candidate’s interpretations appeared to be quite outside any rapport with his patient, I asked him what he had really felt. It frequently emerged that in his feelings he had appropriately registered the essential point. We could then see that, had hesustainedhis feelings and treated them as the response to a process in his patient, he would have had a good chance of discovering what it was to which he had responded. Naturally, on such occasions the candidate also became aware of his unsolved personal problems which produced his transference to his patient, which he could then take back into his own analysis—one useful aspect of the supervision experience.
通常,当新人的诠释显得与他的病人相去甚远的时候,我问他感受到了什么。在他的感受中经常出现的是,在他们的感受中经常浮现出的是他们恰当的显露出了本性的要点。接下来,我们可以看到,他忍受着他的感受,并且将这些当作对他的病人变化过程的回应,他本可以有一个很好的机会去发现他所回应的是怎样的。自然的,在这种场合,新人也变得开始意识到他自己未解决的问题了,这个问题产生于他对病人的移情之中,他可以将这些带回到他自己的分析中——这是督导体验一个有用的方面。
However, it would be a mistake to regard counter-transference problems merely as the growing pains of the beginner. I have encountered them in my own work, and even very experienced analysts senior to myself have mentioned such difficulties.
然而,仅仅把反移情作为初学者成长的烦恼是一个错误。我在自己的工作中遇到这些,而且即便是对自己非常有经验的资深分析师也提到过这样的困难。
I should like to recapitulate, briefly, the essential points I put forward in my earlier paper.
我想简单的概括我以前文章中提出的要点。
The analytic situation is a relationship between two persons. What distinguishes this relationship from others is not the presence of feelings in one partner, the patient, and their absence in the other, the analyst, but the degree of feeling the analyst experiences and the use he makes of his feelings, these factors being interdependent. The aim of the analyst’s own analysis is not to turn him into a mechanical brain which can produce interpretations on the basis of a purely intellectual procedure, but to enable him to sustain his feelings as opposed to discharging them like the patient.
分析性情景是两个人之间的关系。能从别的人哪儿区分出这种关系的,不是在病人一个合作伙伴中的感受呈现,例如病人(的感受呈现),而且也不是他们在其他人哪儿所缺席的,例如分析师(所缺席的),而是,分析师体验体验到的感受的程度,以及他对他的感受的运用的程度,这些因素相互依存。分析师自己分析的目的并不是把他自己变成一个基于纯粹智力过程的偏见做出诠释的机械的大脑,而是有能力去忍受他的感受,而不是像他的病人那样卸载之。
Along with his freely and evenly hovering attention which enables the analyst to listen simultaneously on many levels, he needs a freely roused emotional sensibility so as to perceive and follow closely his patient’s emotional movements and unconscious phantasies. By comparing the feelings roused in himself with the content of his patient’s associations and the qualities of his mood and behaviour, the analyst has the means for checking whether he has understood or failed to understand his patient. Since, however, violent emotions of any kind blur the capacity to think clearly and impel towards action, it follows that if the analyst’s emotional response is too intense, it will defeat its objective.
伴随着他自由均匀悬浮的注意力,这种注意力,使得分析师能够在许多层面上同时倾听,他需要自由的唤起感受的敏感性,以感知并紧密跟随病人的感受的活动和无意识幻想。通过比较被唤起于同他的病人相链接的内容的自身感受,以及他感受和行为的品质,分析师获得了检查他是否理解或不能够理解他的病人的能力。然而,由于任何强烈的感受模糊了清晰思维的能力并迫使了行动,由此可见,如果分析师的感受反应过于激烈,其客观性将会落空。
For most aspects of his work the experienced analyst has an emotional sensitivity which is extensive rather than intensive, differentiating and mobile, and his feelings are not experienced as a problem. His tools are in good working order. But situations occur in which he notices that he is puzzled in a disturbing way with somewhat intense feelings of anxiety or worry which appear inappropriate to his assessment of the events in the analytic situation. As he waits—which he must do in order not to interfere with an ongoing process in his patient, and in order not to obscure the already puzzling situation still more by irrelevant and distracting interpretations—the moment occurs when he understands what has been happening. The moment he understands his patient, he can understand his own feelings, the emotional disturbance disappears and he can verbalize the patient’s crucial process meaningfully for the patient.
焦虑或担忧的感受,当这些发生时,这使得他在分析性情景中对事件进行评估显得不适合了。当他等待——这是他必须做的,为了不干扰在他的病人的持续性的过程,同时为了不模糊本身已经令人费解的情况被更多无关和分散的诠释打断——只有当他明白正在发生着什么的时候。当他明白病人的那一刻,他能够理解自己的感受,情绪困扰消失了,同时他可以用语言描述病人至关重要的过程对病人意味着什么。
有经验的分析师对于他工作的很多方面有着一种感受的敏锐度,那是广博的,而不是强烈的、鉴别的和变幻无常的,同时,他的感受并不被体验为一种困难。他的工具处于良好的工作状态中。但是,他注意到他以令人不安的方式困惑于几分强烈的I gave an instance of this kind which could be readily described. I could have given others, which would, however, have neeeded a far more lengthy report. I have noticed that Dr Fordham is also familiar with the problem of choosing clinical examples.
我给出了一个可以很容易描述这种类型的实例。我可以给另外的例子,然而报告将会变得更冗长。我注意到,Fordham博士对选择临床案例的问题也很熟悉。