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N!@_D5JX[0罗伯特·扎荣茨1923年出生于波兰罗兹，是家中独子。16岁纳粹侵占波兰，父母在战火中双亡，自己重伤。加入华沙地下大学被派遣到德国参与工人运动，逃脱，又被抓回，送到法国政治监狱，又逃脱，加入法国抵抗组织，在巴黎索邦神学院（巴黎大学的前身）学习，1944年21岁到达英格兰，是联军中的美军翻译。战后，在巴黎为联合国救济总署工作。1948年移居美国之前在德国蒂宾根大学学习学习心理学。1948年直接来到了美国密歇根州的安阿伯，并在密歇根州大学团体动力学研究中心（RCGD）完成了本科和研究生工作。扎荣茨博士在RCDG的导师是 Dorwin (Doc) Cartwright。在他获得的博士学位之后的40年里，扎荣茨博士在密歇根州大学任教，同时作为董事隶属于RCGD和社会研究所。心理学空间sL&Z(pH3h6k CU

1948年直接来到了美国密歇根州的安阿伯，并在密歇根州大学团体动力学研究中心（RCGD）完成了本科和研究生工作。扎荣茨博士在RCDG的导师是 Dorwin (Doc) Cartwright。在他获得的博士学位之后的40年里，扎荣茨博士在密歇根州大学任教，同时作为董事隶属于RCGD和社会研究所。1994年扎荣茨博士来到了斯坦福大学做心理学教授。心理学空间.Sh-h+b2dho`

'P L7Z4H1Zhp0扎荣茨博士的研究跨越若干理论问题，例如认知和沟通关系的本质，他人存在对一个人表现的影响，情绪的影响包括无意识的影响，偏好的浮现，智力成绩的总的模式，因为他们被家庭结构的改变所影响，以及种族灭绝本质和原因。

Cxi*C5C2b0n0扎荣茨博士的职业生涯获得了许多著名奖项，包括1978年美国心理学协会（APA）的科学贡献奖，实验社会心理学会杰出科学家奖。华沙鲁汶大学荣誉心理学博士学位，1975由于对出生顺序的和智力开发的研究，获得美国科学促进协会研究奖（与G. Markus共享）。他的履历中还包括许多服务于专业领域的贡献，他做了8年的异常和社会心理杂志的副主编；曾是APA普通心理学会的主席，实验社会心理学会前任主席；他曾服务于APA科学事务委员会；作为美国国家科学院成员，他是1976前苏联的驻外代表。还帮助成立了华沙大学研究社会研究所。（陈明译）心理学空间o-DG3`7Y

@(Q2G&T%{0出生次序与智力

1975年，Robert B. Zajonc与G. B. Markus在《Psychological Review》发表了一个理论，解释为何长子女比在家庭中排序较后的子女的智力较高[1]。这个理论，到今时今日仍是一个备受关注的理论，称之为群集理论(confluence model)。根据这个理论的论点，一般而言出生排序愈前，智力水平相对较高；相反地出生排序愈后，智力水平相对较低。这是因为在家庭内，长子女在他们早年的成长时期只有成年人与他们相伴，因此他们的日常生活都经常与智力水平较高的人相处。而另一方面，出生排序较后的子女有其他兄弟姊妹共享资源，所以家庭的资源被稀释，所以其在学业成就的表现不如长子女或独生子女[2]。而这个现象不独在西方社会出现，即使在东亚地区亦一样[3]。心理学空间y}#k%gax_ h0aM0{

PQ m7K Y:k0心理学空间D(wc/Y/D

不过，这个理论仍有一个弱点，就是有些出生排序较低的子女，研究发现他们所得到的资源不比长子女差。通常这些子女对上的兄弟姊妹都比他们年长至少五年。因此，一方面他们的兄弟姊妹对家庭的倚赖相对较少，使他们可以得到成人更多的照顾；另一方面，较年长的兄弟姊妹亦能够领导这些弟妹。技术上，这一类出现与长子女相近智力水平的弟妹，被称为「功能长子女」(functional firstborns)。

心理学空间r_'Fd-?v.wD0i

Eb3HvB hK.A i0[1]Zajonc, R. B., & Markus, G. B .(1975年). Birth Order and Intellectual Development. Psychological Review, 82, 74-88.

{4Z"y6c!T8l*OVv0[2]林枝旺，(2005年)，家庭背景因素對子女學業成就之影響，《網路社會學通訊期刊》，第49期，2005年10月15日。

(h5xi}\b0[3]謝穎慧、莊英章，(2005年)，出生序、社經地位、婚姻與生育：日治時期竹山、峨眉，和竹北等四個閩客社區的例子，《人口學刊》， 第31期，2005年12月，頁41-68。

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Zajonc, R. B. (1952). Aggressive attitudes of the stranger as a function of conformitypressures. Human Relations, 5, 205-216.心理学空间mnFZ
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zQ:WFR1[:Q C\;X0Zajonc, R. B. (1954). Some effects of "space" serials. Public Opinion Quarterly, 18,367-374.心理学空间-Q2R9[?6r[.fi

Zajonc, R. B. (1956). Method in social science. Contemporary Psychology, 5,137-139.French,]. R. P. Jr., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1957). An experimental study of cross-culturalnorm conflict. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 54, 218-224.心理学空间 ZM9_7u(K_6S&Y

Zajonc, R. B. (1957). Psychology in Poland. American Psychologist, 12, 730-733.心理学空间f#g$`
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Zajonc, R. B. (1959). Myriads of memory experiments. Contemporary Psychology,4, 150-152.

\T'wu2xX/l{0Zajonc, R. B., & Burnstein, E. (1959). Apparatus for recording orienting responses.American Journal of Psychology, 72, 271-274.心理学空间s0S~q$ebGia

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f0Zajonc, R. B., & Smoke, W. (1959). Redundancy in task assignments and groupperformance. Psychometrika, 24, 361-370.心理学空间Y/tg,^k P/M2[7Pr7U7M:B

~"k`,m6kAl0Zajonc, R. B. (1960). The concepts of balance, congruity, and dissonance. PublicOpinion Quarterly, 24, 380-396.心理学空间LJ Bq}1A@I X1s

7Q3MNW3_1_/}0Zajonc, R. B. (1960). The process of cognitive tuning in communication. Journal ofAbnormal Social Psychology, 61, 159-168.心理学空间 H'R#F?]M+H6fsd

d&@@I*w`\)|0Zajonc, R. B., &: Morrissette, ]. (1960). Cognitive behavior under uncertainty andambiguity. Psychological Reports, 6, 31-36.

)wu"?L\g%B/|0Zajonc, R. B., & Morrissette,]' (1960). The role of uncertainty in cognitive change.Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 61, 168-176.心理学空间4R9UM}!u Tjv xa.M}

Zajonc, R. B., &: Burnstein, E. (1961). The resolution of cognitive conflict underuncertainty. Human Relations, 14, 113-119.心理学空间9s4V`&J4x

Zajonc, R. B., &: Wahi, K. (1961). Conformity and need achievement under crossculturalnorm conflict. Human Relations, 14, 241-250.

Smoke, W., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1962). On the reliability of group judgments anddecisions. In]. Criswell, H. Solomon, &: P. Suppes (Eds.), Mathematic methodsin small group processes (pp. 322-333). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.心理学空间cv*~5U"N?$heCY|
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"n+] x ~fR(x$q5]B0Zajonc, R. B. (1962). The effects of feedback and probability of group success onindividual performance. Human Relations, 15, 149-163.

+F9v1am5g'g0Zajonc, R. B. (1962). Methods in small group processes (pp. 322-333). Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.心理学空间7_iw$GQv W/E6L@,k

D(ysL?k0Zajonc, R. B. (1962). A note on group judgments and group size. Human Relations,15,177-180.

mo1d ? bW,xdjFT']0Zajonc, R. B. (1962). A note on Mooney's "Perception as related to military problems."In F. A. Geldard (Ed.), Defense psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 272-274). New York:Pergamon Press.

$uV;S e5RxB7b%wWa0Zajonc, R. B. (1962). Response suppression in perceptual defense. Journal of ExperimentalPsychology, 64, 206-214.

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B0Zajonc, R. B., &: Burnstein, E. (1962). A reply to Dr. jordan's comments. HumanRelations, 15, 280.

aj7_j0Yb!vsx2{j0Zajonc, R. B., &:Smoke, W. (1962). Optimal task assignments for group performance.In N. F. Washburne (Ed.), Decisions, values, and groups (pp. 279-290). NewYork: Macmillan.心理学空间4q'P5lh9I#b7V[1p"Li

Zajonc, R. B., &: Dorfman, D. D. (1963). Some effects of sound, background,brightness, and economic status on the perceived size of coins and discs. Journalof Abnormal Social Psychology, 66, 87-90.心理学空间-?Fj%l'qn$A$U9GA

zS E'hl&j'k(|0Zajonc, R. B., &: Taylor, J. (1963). The effects two methods of varying group taskdifficulty on individual and group performance. Human Relations, 16,359-368.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Dorfman, D. D. (1964). Perception, drive, and behavior theory.Psychological Review, 71, 273-290.

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p^ i0Zajonc, R. B., &: Nieuwenhuyse, B. (1964). Relationship between word frequencyand recognition: Perceptual process or response bias? Journal of ExperimentalPsychology, 67, 276-285.心理学空间J#j5B4| Ev3Rq

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J;fG!Z0Burnstein, E., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1965). The effect of group success on the reductionof status incongruence in task-oriented groups. Sociometry, 28, 349-362.

^~)u[cN0Burnstein, E., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Individual task performance in a changingsocial structure. Sociometry, 28, 16-29.心理学空间;`Yq/Sv7KVo5]N$U6O

French,]. R. P.Jr., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Eine experimentelle Studie des interkulturellenNormkonflikts. In H. Thomae (Ed.), Die Motivation menschlichen Handelns.Cologne: Kiepenheuer &: Witsch.心理学空间(`PElT}0TI.A

Zajonc, R. B. (1965). The requirements and design of a standard group task. Journalof Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 71-88.

Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Social facilitation. Science, 149, 269-274.心理学空间-G0A3Y {#Byq

Zajonc, R. B., &: Burnstein, E. (1965). The learning of balanced and unbalancedsocial structures. Journal of Personality, 33, 153-163.心理学空间BKp%|5T S3pA5KF

Zajonc, R. B., &: Burnstein, E. (1965). Structural balance, reciprocity, and positivityas sources of cognitive bias. Journal of Personality, 33, 570-583.心理学空间FE!R6Nt8v0NA$A/u&C

Zajonc, R. B., &: Cross, D. v. (1965). Stimulus generalization as a function of driveshift. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 363-368.心理学空间m}Ktu2X

Zajonc, R. B. (1966). Social psychology: An experimental approach. Belmont, CA:Wadsworth. Translated into French by Y. Noizet as Psychologie sociale experimentale,and published by Dunod, Paris, 1967. Translated into Spanish by I. Acarretaas La psicologia social: Estudios experimentales, and published by Marfil, S. A.,

Alcoy (Spain), 1967. Translated into Swedish by Monica Aberg-Johansson asExperimentell SOcialpsykologi, and published by Wahlstrom Widstrant, Stockholm,1968.心理学空间'^8oQSLBM

Zajonc, R. B., &: Sales, S. (1966). Social facilitation of dominant and subordinateresponses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 160-168.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Wolfe, D. M. (1966). Cognitive consequences of a person's positionin a formal organization. Human Relations, 19, 139-150.心理学空间uegf+R"oiZ#|Z(O

van Kreveld, D., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1966). The learning of influence structures. Journalof Personality, 34, 205-223.心理学空间6aq#pP*YO3Y

Siegel, S., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1967). Group risk-taking in profeSSional decisions.SOciometry, 30, 339-349.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Marin, I. C. (1967). Cooperation, competition, and interpersonalattitudes in small groups. Psychonomic Science, 7, 271-272.

,X;T+zr1J#YX0Zajonc, R. B., &: Sherman, S. ]. (1967). Structural balance and the induction ofrelations. Journal of Personality, 35, 635-650.心理学空间 fSR/ljc V0S

Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal oj Personality andSocial Psychology, Monograph Supplement, 9, 1-27.

Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Cognitive theories in social psychology. In G. Lindzey &. E.Aronson (Eds.), Handbook oj social psychology (319-411). New York: RandomHouse.

@^-YQH(Tg)]lv0Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Conformity. In International encyclopedia oj the social sciences(pp. 253-260). New York: Crowell-Collier.

X o#?1b4Mb5E Zo-[0Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Social facilitation in the cockroach. In E. C. Simmel, R. A.Hoppe, &. G. A. Milton (Eds.), Social Jacilitation and imitative behavior (pp.73-87). Boston: Allyn &: Bacon.心理学空间 f^NJVd4mB

;wuk3P tjX[Og0Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Thinking: II. Cognitive organization and process. In Internationalencyclopedia oj the social sciences (pp. 615-622). New York: Crowell-Collier.

Eh)g)i7d:iV Mk0Matlin, M., &. Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Social facilitation of word associations. Journaloj Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 455-460.

Rubin, Z., &. Zajonc, R. B. (1969). Structural bias and generalization in the learningof social structures. Journal oj Personality, 37, 310-324.

Zajonc, R. B. (1969). Animal social psychology. New York: Wiley.心理学空间'D&JzE-b)d9h[

F(~k!A,vTd m0Zajonc, R. B., &: Brickman, P. (1969). Expectancy and feedback as independentfactors in task performance. Journal oj Personality and Social Psychology, 11,l48-156.心理学空间g)r&]#lS;TF6DJ

B$U3Z:r+]8D,FE0Zajonc, R. B., Heingartner, A., &: Herman, E. M. (1969). Social enhancement andimpairment of performance in the cockroach. Journal oj Personality and SocialPsychology, 13, 83-92.

Zajonc, R. B., &. Raj ecki , D. W. (1969). Exposure and affect: A field experiment.Psychonomic Science, 17, 216-217.

&N6[It,^6x5G#P:\ ~0Zajonc, R. B., Wolosin, R.]., &. Sherman, S.]. (1969). Group risk taking in a twochoicesituation: Replication, extension, and a model. Journal oj ExperimentalSocial Psychology, 5, 127-l40.心理学空间b+Q*J7fh1X1M

C/|9n2Wsu0Harrison, A. A., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1970). The effects of frequency and duration ofexposure on response competition and affective ratings. Journal oj Psychology,75, 163-169.

Zajonc, R. B. (1970). Brainwash: Familiarity breeds comfort. Psychology Today, 3,32-35, 60-62.心理学空间"R.y?1H!H

Zajonc, R. B., Wolosin, M. R. ]., Wolosin, M. A., &: Loh, W. D. (1970). Socialfacilitation and imitation in group risk-taking. Journal oj Experimental SocialPsychology, 6, 26-46.心理学空间;x!g~Zm3b&@ p

|'K!t!{"g _8]4?0Zajonc, R B. (1971). Animal social behavior. Morristown, N]: General Learning Press.

7_Bc;{1r;t0Zajonc, R B. (1971). Attraction, affiliation, and attachment. In]. F. Eisenberg &:W. Dillon (Eds.), Man and beast: Comparative social behavior (pp. 142-179).Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Zajonc, R B., Swap, W. c., Harrison, A A, &: Roberts, P. (1971). Limiting conditionsof the exposure effect: Satiation and relativity. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 18, 384-39l.心理学空间%Mt)^6g.z-o)x

Zajonc, R B. (1972). Some empirical and theoretical continuities in the socialbehavior of animals and men. In R Chauvin (Ed.), Modeles animaux du comportementhumain (Colloques internationaux du C.N.RS. 198, pp. 303-342). Paris:Editions Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Zajonc, R B., Shaver, P., Tavris, c., &: van Kreveld, D. (1972). Exposure, satiation,and stimulus discriminability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21,270-280.心理学空间 R$~ariW

&{;v[S6h Y,~ y0Zajonc, R B., Wolosin, R]., &: Wolosin, M. A (1972). Group risk-taking undervarious group decision schemes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8,16-30.

Saegert, S. c., Swap, W., &: Zajonc, R B. (1973). Exposure, context, and interpersonalattraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 234-242.

Zajonc, R B., Reimer, D.]., &: Hausser, D. (1973). Imprinting and the developmentof object preference in chicks by mere repeated exposure. Journal of ComparativePhysiological Psychology, 83, 434-440.心理学空间E X"|&L C)L

Zajonc, R B., Crandall, R, Kail, R Y., Jr., &: Swap, W. (1974). Effect of extremeexposure frequencies on different affective ratings of stimulus. Perceptual andMotor Skills, 38, 667-678.

{k5zs0M0Zajonc, R B., Wilson, W. R, &: Markus, H. (1974). Exposure, object preference,and distress in the domestic chick. Journal of Comparative and PhysiologicalPsychology, 581-585.

b:| oI+w,N0Zajonc, R B., Markus, H., &: Wilson, W. R (1974). Exposure effects and associativelearning. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 248-263.心理学空间N3tL9\;hBW }

Zajonc, R B. (1975, January). Dumber by the dozen. Psychology Today, pp. 37-43.心理学空间f{.C d
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Zajonc, R B., &: Markus, G. B. (1975). Birth order and intellectual development.PsycholOgical Review, 82, 74-88.

Zajonc, R. B., Wilson, W. R., &: Rajecki, D. W. (1975). Affiliation and social discriminationproduced by brief exposure in day-old chicks. Animal Behavior, 23,l31-l38.心理学空间2]0^#f
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)p]"Rg&vN0Moreland, R. L., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1976). A strong text of exposure effects. Journalof Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 170-179.心理学空间c?u0p%B)Lj

jWZPi,JO0Zajonc, R. B. (1976). Falling SAT's and rising reading scores. Economic Outlook USA,3,62-63.心理学空间#?']h*y+b~

9Jp"S#GRxe0Zajonc, R. B. (1976). Family configuration and intelligence. Science, 192,227-236.心理学空间
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x-aJ[Q)nL(H0Markus, G. B., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1977). Family configuration and intellectual development:A simulation. Behavioral Science, 22, l37-l42.

Moreland, R. L., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1977). Is stimulus recognition a necessary conditionfor the occurrence of exposure effects? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,35, 191-199.心理学空间 v _2B1N5y xd3\|

Moreland, R. L., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1979). Exposure effects may not depend onstimulus recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1085-1089.

O+A#aM3z2`q0Zajonc, R. B., Markus, H., &: Markus, G. B. (1979). The birth order puzzle. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology, 37, l3 2 5-1341.心理学空间m*R:t{_v]-{u

Kunst-Wilson, W. R., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Affective discrimination of stimulithat cannot be recognized. Science, 207, 557-558.心理学空间 ]`YD4aF

s.dqF!eX!IT0Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Cognition and social cognition: A historical perspective. In L.Festinger (Ed.), Four decades of social psychology (pp. 180-204). New York:Oxford University Press.

@Kni;x T0Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Compresence. In P. P. Paulus (Ed.), Psychology of group influence(pp. 35-60). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.心理学空间
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Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. AmericanPsycholOgist, 35, 151-175.心理学空间!r^4H @ x Z

Zajonc, R. B., &: Bargh,]. (1980). Birth order, family size, and decline of SAT scores.American PsycholOgist, 35, 662-668.心理学空间 T8m S;a(F

E4Aa+Y];E6W1j0Zajonc, R. B., &: Bargh,]. (1980). The confluence model: Parameter estimation forsix different data sets on family factors and intelligence. Intelligence, 4, 349-361.心理学空间4c4g|{z f!`

Zajonc, R. B., Berbaum, M., Hamill, R., Moreland, R. L., &: Akeju, S. A. (1980).Family factors and the intellectual performance of Nigerian eleven-year olds.The West African Journal of Educational and Vocational Measurement, 5, 19-26.心理学空间l%t(j$L*]#}7v

MKNi]]sM0Zajonc, R. B. (1981). A one-factor mind about mind and emotion. American Psychologist,36, 102-103.心理学空间b!u*^tTXh'F

s/}bz `h0Zajonc, R. B. (1981). Soziale Aktivierung. In W. Stroebe (Ed.), Sozialpsychogie (Vol.2,227-246). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchengesellschaft.心理学空间tv-M&R6_ Y(Z

5R)V]2JWm"?k0Berbaum, M., Markus, G. B., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1982). A closer look at Galbraith'scloser look. Developmental Psychology, 18, 174-180.心理学空间4U@@#Fm8M

Moreland, R. L., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1982). Exposure effects in person perception:Familiarity, similarity, and attraction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,18, 395-415.

Zajonc, R. B. (1982). Altruism, envy, competitiveness, and the common good. InV. Derlega &: ]. Grzelak (Eds.), Cooperation and helping behavior: Theories andresearch (pp. 417-437). New York: Academic Press.

fvQo#i2S*G0UL0Zajonc, R. B., &: Markus, H. (1982). Affective and cognitive factors in preferences.Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 123-131.心理学空间h OFJ7I)Oe&w!|!tS

t1P b5l9c f1w D AhV0Zajonc, R. B., Pietromonaco, P., &: Bargh,]. (1982). Independence and interactionof affect and cognition. In M. S. Clark &: S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Affect and cognition:The Seventeenth Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition (pp. 211-227). Hillsdale,N]: Erlbaum.

0u2{0Y+|4z9C0Bootzin, R. R., Loftus, E. F., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1983). Psychology today. New York:Random House.心理学空间PC5n;x w$?/G.w4^

Zajonc, R. B. (1983). Validating the confluence model. Psychological Bulletin, 93,457-480.心理学空间~.iWFJ"Y

Izard, C. E., Kagan, ]., &: Zajonc, R. B. (Eds.). (1984). Emotions, cognition, andbehavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.

#X?Z m8K&?0Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39, 117-124.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Markus, H. (1984). Affect and cognition: The hard interface. InC. E. Izard,]. Kagan, &: R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior(pp. 73-102). New York: Cambridge University Press.

k'O,I(f.GQ1y0Markus, H., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1985). The cognitive perspective in social psychology.In G. Lindzey &: E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 137-230).New York: Random House.

W~'QOa uy(Ku1l0Zajonc, R. B. (1985). Emotion and facial efference: A theory reclaimed. Science,228, 15-21.

&i/qs(G8m:[v|h0Zajonc, R. B. (1985). Emotion and facial expression. Science, 230, 608-687.心理学空间*W&F&dmg

Zajonc, R. B. (1985). Uczucia a myslenie: Nie trzeba sie domyslac, by wiedziec, cosie woli. Przeglad Psychologiczny, 28, 27-72.

Zajonc, R. B., 1St Markus, H. (1985). Must all affect be mediated by cognition?Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 363-364.心理学空间^6AR#SD,IW6D

Berbaum, M. L., Moreland, R. L., 1St Zajonc, R. B. (1986). Contentions over theconfluence model: A reply to Price Walsh and Vilburg. Psychological Bulletin,100, 270-274.

Bootzin, R. R., Bower, G. H., Zajonc, R. B., 1St Hall, E. (1986). Psychology today (6thed.). New York: Random House.心理学空间8V$z~:L!oC

Zajonc, R. B. (1986). Basic mechanisms of preference formation. In R. A. Peterson,W. D. Hoyer, 1St W. R. Wilson (Eds.), The role of affect in consumer behavior:Emerging theories and applications (pp. 1-16). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.心理学空间7I!~O$s3ni6b

@:QG T@^0R0Zajonc, R. B. (1986). The decline and rise of scholastic aptitude scores. AmericanPsycholOgist, 41, 862-867.

NYq o y!F-I5O0Zajonc, R. B. (1986). Family factors and intellectual test performance: A reply toSteelman. Review of Educational Research, 56, 365-37l.

m+[r.m&['q0Zajonc, R. B. (1986). La confluence du development intellectuel dans la famille, etsa resonance nationale. Bulletin de Psychologie, 39, 259-266.

*{3Q.w~"w2x;O0Bower, G. H., Bootzin, R. R., Zajonc, R. B., 1St Hall, E. (1987). Principles of psychologytoday. New York: Random House.心理学空间1x1f qrHG6S8]5\,y

Zajonc, R. B., 1St Adelmann, P. K. (1987). Cognition and communication: A storyof missed opportunities. Social Science Information, 26, 3-30.心理学空间&[D5P;Ceh?!W

Zajonc, R. B., Adelmann, P. K., Murphy, S. T., 1St Niedenthal, P. M. (1987). Convergencein the physical appearance of spouses. Motivation and Emotion, 11,335-346.心理学空间s)IP(h h

Zajonc, R. B. (1988). Comment on interpersonal affiliation and the golden section.Journal of Social and BiolOgical Structures, 10,212-214.心理学空间R]
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Zajonc, R. B. (1988). Prologomena for the study of access to mental events: Noteson Singer's chapter. In M. ]. Horowitz (Ed.), Psychodynamics and cognition (pp.347-359). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.心理学空间s1kSVC'y+G|$t

Adelmann, P. K., 1St Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Facial efference and the experience ofemotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 249-280.心理学空间l.sb+^??,e

vG'`dQ0Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Bischofs gefuhlvolle Verwirrungen uber die Gefuble. PsychologischeRundschau, 40, 218-22l.心理学空间P(Qg'}|i$x#DB

Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Styles of explanation in social psychology. European Journalof Social Psychology, 19, 345-368.

Zajonc, R. B., Murphy, S. T., &: Inglehart, M. (1989). Feeling and facial efference:Implications of the vascular theory of emotion. Psychological Review, 96,395-416.心理学空间$j0LFSMd:_mB

Zajonc, R. B. (1990). Leon Festinger (1919-1989). American Psychologist, 45,661-662.

Berridge, K. c., fit Zajonc, R. B. (1991). Hypothalamic cooling elicits eating: Differentialeffects on motivation and pleasure. Psychological Science, 2, 184-189.

Zajonc, R. B., Markus, G. B., Berbaum, M. L., Bargh,]. A, &: Moreland, R. L. (1991).One justified criticism plus three flawed analyses equals two unwarranted conclusions:A reply to Retherford and Sewell. American Sociological Review, 56,159-165.心理学空间*Xq6RQ!k&A

McIntosh, D. N., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1992). Emotions research: Some promisingquestions and some questionable promises. Psychological Science, 3, 70-74.心理学空间`
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X+y1rp0Murphy, S. T., fit Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affectivepriming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology, 64, 723-739.

Zajonc, R. B. (1993). The confluence model: Differential or difference equation.European Journal of Psychology, 23, 211-215.

|8^/aE^|0Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Emotional expression and temperature modulation. In S.vanGoozen (Ed.), Emotion: Essays on emotion theory (pp. 3-27). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.心理学空间v.Vb Q(M@P

9v;j${bhF.G:l#}$Ym$[0Zajonc, R. B., Murphy, S. T., &: McIntosh, D. N. (1993). Brain temperature andsubjective emotional experience. In M. Lewis fit]. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbookof emotions (pp. 209-220). New York: Guilford Press.心理学空间+SH;q([#R(@/mn1K

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M0McIntosh, D. N., Druckman, D., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1994). Socially-induced affect.In D. Druckman fit R. A. Bjork (Eds.), Learning, remembering, believing: EnhanCinghuman performance (pp. 251-276). Washington, DC: National AcademyPress.心理学空间]8E%~(KV_D

;U"cG5r A-]0Murphy, S., 6:1 Zajonc, R. B. (1994). Afekt, poznanie i swiadomosc: rola afektywnychbodzcow poprzedzajacych przy optymalnych is suboptymalnych ekspozycjach.Przeglad Psychologiczny, 36, 261-299.心理学空间,D)B#[_])]

Zajonc, R. B. (1994). An early insight into the affect-perception interface. In P. M.Niedenthal &. S. Kitayama (Eds.), The heart's eye (pp. 17-21). San Diego:Academic Press.心理学空间 F}"AT7c4PDx5M6S

Qmw]g {:s0Zajonc, R. B. (1994). Evidence for nonconscious emotions. In P. Ekman 6:1 R. JDavidson (Eds.), The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions (pp. 293-297).New York: Oxford University Press.心理学空间ZtH+o6O @G B }

Murphy, S. T., Monahan, J L., &. Zajonc, R. B. (1995). Additivity of nonconsciousaffect: Combined effects of priming and exposure. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology, 69, 589-602.

$bI7Wcage0McIntosh, D., Zajonc, R. B., Vig, P. S., &. Emerick, S. W. (1997). Facial movement,breathing temperature and affect: Implications of the vascular theory of emotionalefference. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 171-195.

b,x:KC.? J5D1p8A0Winkielman, P., Zajonc, R. B., 6:1 Schwarz, N. (1997). Subliminal affective primingis impervious to attributional manipulation. Cognition and Emotion, 11,433-465.

Hz!}"g#k6YvF%I`U0Zajonc, R. B. (1997). Emotions. In D. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, &. G. Lindzey (Eds.),Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 591-632). New York:McGraw-Hill.

1b kuZIX6~D!s_+C0Zajonc, R. B., 6:1 Mullally, P. R. (1997). Birth order: Reconciling conflicting effects.American Psychologist, 52, 685-699.心理学空间6~&dV,O4P-q-T[ }

4`\z(ot4pd0Zajonc, R. B. (1999). One hundred years of rationality assumptions in social psychology.In A. Rodrigues 6:1 R. V. Levine (Eds.), Reflections on 100 years of experimentalsocial psychology (pp. 200-214). New York: Basic Books.

Zajonc, R. B. (2000). Feeling and thinking: Closing the debate over the independenceof affect. In J P. Forgas (Ed.), Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in socialcognition (pp. 31-58). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Marie, A., Gabrielli, J D. E., Vaidya, C, Brown, B. R., Pratto, F., Zajonc, R. B., &.Shaw, R. J (in press). The mere exposure effect in patients with schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin.心理学空间m
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` XV!zB)U$?0Monahan,J L., Murphy, S. T., &. Zajonc, R. B. (in press). Subliminal mere exposure:Specific, general and diffuse effects. Psychological Science.心理学空间-@,U(\#C3K\

wu$lQ0ZRW
}o(@0参考文献

UNRAVELING THE COMPLEXITIES OF SOCIAL LIFE：A FESTSCHRIFT IN HONOR OF ROBERT B. ZAJONC EDITED BY JOHN A. BARGH AND DEBORAH K. ApSLEY AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION