LIFE CONDUCT IN MODERN TIMES p144

Jürgen Habermas' Utopia of Psychoanalytic "Self-Enlightenment"

哈贝马斯的精神分析的乌托邦“自我启蒙”

Habermas agrees with Mitcherlich’s claim, made in Society without a Father, that a “psychoanalytic construction of progress” based on altered “drive constellations and conflicts” in human society could be successful in the absence of an “uncontested fatherly authority figure”

哈贝马斯同意密切里希的说法，精神分析产生于一个没有父亲的社会，在“无可争议的慈父权威形象”缺席的人类社会中可以成功，那是一个以改变“驱力排列与冲突”为依据的“精神分析的建造过程”。

In Knowledge and Human Interest, psychoanalysis is presented as the “only tangible example of a science incorporating methodical self-reflection”. As he contends,it alone could emancipatorily promote “the self-formative process”because one had been compelled by repressive societal conditions to pay for the preservation of public interference-free communication by limiting privating attempts to communicate. Thus for him the task of the psychoanalyst consists in making the individual aware of the public repression of his “own language”. Habermas writes:

在知识和人类旨趣（利益）中，精神分析被作为“唯一切实可行的科学，使自我反思井然有序的具体化”。他辩称，它可以独自解放推动“自我形成的过程”，因为个体被压抑的社会状况所强迫——通过限制私下的交流企图，受罚于维持公开的不受干扰的沟通。因此，对他来说，分析师的任务是让个人意识到他“自己的语言”的那个公开压抑。哈贝马斯写道：

The analyst instructs the patient in reading his own texts, which he himself has mutilated and distorted, and in translating symbols from a mode of expression of public communication.
分析师吩咐患者阅读自己的文章，他本人已被肢解和歪曲，并且从公众传播的表达方式中转变为符号。

One of Habermas’aims was to prove that despite the seemingly dominant role played by the analyst in the emancipatory process it is ultimately he who is looking for help who decides whether the psychoanalytic interpretations hold true or not.Like Mitscherlich in Critique or Politics?, Habermas attempted to convince Jaspers that the emancipatory function of the psychoanalyst consists in helping the patient to free himself from inappropriate attitudes so as to effect meaningful self-realization. Thus Habermas tries to free the interpretative process from the suspicion of heteronomous paternalism by foregrounding the “technique of free association” – as opposed to hypnosis – as an eminently anti-repressive aspect of psychoanalysis. As Habermas elucidates,

哈贝马斯曾经的一个目的是要证明，尽管分析师在解放过程中看似扮演了主导作用。但最终，他是那个正在寻找帮助，以决定精神诠释适用与否的人。正如米切利希在批判或政治中，哈贝马斯试图说服雅斯贝尔斯，分析师解放性的功能体现在——帮助患者从不恰当的观念中释放自己，以产生有意义的自我实现。因此哈贝马斯试图通过突出“自由联想的技术”，从他律的家长式中释放解释过程——相对于催眠——作为精神分析的突出的反压抑的方面。哈贝马斯阐述道，

[t]he ‘basic rule of analysis’ formulates the conditions of a reserve free from repression in which the ‘serious situation’ (Ernstsituation), that is the pressure of social sanctions,can be suspended as credibly as possible for the duration of the communication between doctor and patient. 

[他]分析的基本法则从压抑的“严峻的形势”（Ernstsituation）中规划了一个预留自由的条件，并呈现在社会制裁之中，可以尽可能可信的延缓医患之间沟通的期间。

According to Habermas, the fact that interpretations were only offered as possibilities in reaction to the associations of the patient guaranteed the non-repressive character of psychoanalytic communication. As he argues:

根据哈贝马斯的观点，事实上，解释只在患者被分析沟通中的非压抑特征所确定的联想反应中作为可选择的方法被提出。他阐述道，

[the physician] makes interpretive suggestions for a story that the patient cannot tell.Yet they can be verified in fact only if the patient adopts them and tells his own story with their aid.838

[医生]对一个故事做解释的建议，患者无法分辨。然而，他们其实可以验证，只有当患者采纳他们，同时在他们的帮助下讲述他自己的故事。