奥格登(T. H. Ogden):投射性认同与第三方
李孟潮 著
节选自《感应转化——投射认同与移情炼金》一书(16版)第四章
精神分析历史上的“投射性认同”双雄。但和Grostein比较坚定的克莱因学派立场不同,Ogden认为,“投射性认同”此概念虽来自克莱因学派,但它和“死本能”、“嫉妒”、“攻击性”等克莱因学派的基础理论并无必然联系。正是这种立场,让“投射性认同”这个概念一开始就处于“为我所用”的状态,最终,被改造成“双人心理学”和主体间性的概念。
奥格登和Grotstein一样可以并称是1979,《论投射性认同(On Projective Identification)》
他对投射性认同的研究最早汇集于1979年的名篇《论投射性认同(On Projective Identification)》,在此文中,他明确地界定了投射性认同的定义,指出投射性认同具有三个阶段、四种功能。(Ogden,1979)
三个阶段是指:
情感;(3)接受投射者接受了投射,并且对投射进行修正,而投射者又把这些修正了的东西再次内化。(Projective identificationis viewed as a groupof fantasies and accompanying object relationsinvolving three phases which together make up a single psychological unit. In the initial phase, the projector fantasies ridding himself of an aspect of himself and putting that aspect into another person in a controlling way. Secondly, via the interpersonal interaction, the projector exerts pressureon the recipient of the projectionto experience feelings that are congruent with the projection. Finally, the recipient psychologically processesthe projectionand makes a modified version of it available for re-internalizationby the projector.)
(1)投射者在幻想中把他自己的一个部分去除,并用一种控制的方式把这个部分放到另外一个人的身上;(2)通过人际互动,投射者尽力地对被投射者施加压力,从而投射者自己体验到了伴随着投射的客体关系形式,一种客体联系的类型,其中投射者体验到接受投射者是一个独立的程度能够达到容纳自我的某些部分的客体,而这个投射的客体的未分化的程度有能够达到维持投射者的幻想发现,让投射者能够幻想着彼此能够分享投射出的情感。(4)投射性认同是一种心理改变的通路。通过投射性认同一个人的情感能够被另外一个人体验到,然后,投射者认同接受者对投射出的情感的处理方式。(Odgen,1979)(Projective identification, as formulated here, is a process that serves as: (1) A type of defence by which one can distance oneself from an unwanted or internally endangered part of the self, while in fantasy keeping that aspect of oneself 'alive' in another. (2) A mode of communication by which one makes oneself understood by exerting pressure on another person to experience a set of feelings similar to one's own. (3) A type of object relatedness in which the projector experiences the recipient of the projection as separate enough to serve as a receptacle for parts of the self, but sufficiently un-differentiated to maintain the Illusion that one is literally sharing a given feeling with another person. (4) A pathway for psychological change by which feelings similar to those with which one is struggling are processed by another person, following which the projector may identify with the recipient's handling of the engendered feelings.)
投射性认同的四个功能是指: (1)投射性认同作为一种防御,能够让人们远离自体的不想要的或者是有危险的部分。同时通过幻想让自体的某些部分存活在另一个人那里。(2)投射性认同是一种交流模式,投射者通过这种交流模式,让另外一个人体验到压力,体验到和投射者类似的情感,从而接受者能够理解投射者的内心情感。(3)投射性认同是一种原始的他认为,在讨论投射性认同的概念的时候,首先要确定投射性认同确实是涉及到两个人的,一个投射者(projector),一个接受者(recipient)。这两个人投射性认同的互动过程分为三个阶段,详细阐述如下:
第一阶段——
安全感,这种不安全感是内在的,他会觉得自己内心的某些部分可能会被自己的自体摧毁,或者这些部分可能会伤害到他的自体,为了安全起见,他采用投射这种防御机制,把他内心的这些部分放到其他人那里。投射性认同的核心特质就是在幻想中把自己的一部分放到别人身上,并从自己这边去控制投射出去的那个部分。
投射者一开始感觉到一种不